Chapter 13

Lobes of the brain are named for the bones superficial to them and are part of the

Cerebrum

The shallow depressions between folds on the surface of the brain are called

Sulci

In human brain anatomy, the term ______ is synonymous with anterior

Rostral

Arrange the primary brain vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order.

c, b, a

Neural tissue develops in the embryo from a portion of the

Ectoderm

The process by which the notochord induces the formation of the neural tube is known as _________.

Neurulation

The scientific name for the embryonic midbrain is the _________.

Mesencephalon

The primary vesicle from which the metencephalon arises is the

Rhombencephalon

The opening of the neural tube that is closest to the future head is the

Cranial neuropore

Arrange the five secondary vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order.

c, a, e, d, b

Which secondary brain vesicle forms the portion of the adult brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus?

Diencephalon

The portion of the adult brain that includes the cerebrum is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?

Telencephalon

The portion of the adult brain that includes the medulla oblongata is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?

Myelencephalon

The portion of the adult brain that includes the cerebral peduncles, superior colliculi, and inferior colliculi is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?

Mesencephalon

Clusters of gray matter that contain neuron cell bodies and lie within masses of white matter are the

Cerebral nuclei

The cerebral cortex consists of ______ matter.

Gray

What is the correct order for the cranial meninges, from superficial to deep?

a, c, b

Which of the cranial meninges consists of dense irregular connective tissue in two layers (the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)?

Dura mater

Dural venous sinuses are areas where

The meningeal and periosteal layers separate to form large blood-filled spaces

The meninx composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers is the

Arachnoid mater

The meninx composed of a thin layer of delicate areolar connective tissue that follows every contour of the brain surface is the

Pia mater

The area underneath the middle meninx where cerebrospinal fluid is located is the __________ space.

Subarachnoid

The horizontally-oriented fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum is the

Tentorium cerebelli

The largest of the four dural septa, this large, sickle-shaped vertical fold of dura mater separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Falx cerebri

A sickle-shaped vertical partition that divides the left and right cerebellar hemispheres is the

Falx cerebelli

A brain ventricle located in the cerebrum is the _____ ventricle

Lateral

The brain ventricle located in the diencephalon is the _____ ventricle.

Third

The brain ventricle located between the pons and the cerebellum is the _____ ventricle.

Fourth

The partition between the lateral ventricles is the

Septum pellucidum

Which is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

CSF helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue

The brain floats within the cerebrospinal fluid.

True

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the

Choroid plexus

The amount of CSF within the brain at any given moment is approximately

130 ml

Excess CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space by

Arachnoid villi

The type of glial cell that plays a critical role in the formation of CSF is the _________ cell

List these events in the correct order for CSF flow in the CNS.

e, c, d, a, b

The blood-brain barrier is made up of

Astrocyte perivascular feet and capillary endothelial cells

Endothelial cells within capillaries of the brain are linked to their neighbors by ______ junctions that prevent diffusion of some substances across the capillary wall

Tight

The blood-brain barrier is reduced or missing from three locations in the brain. Which is not one of these locations?

Cerebrum

Lipid-soluble compounds are incapable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier.

False

The location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions is the

Cerebrum

The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemispheres is the

Corpus callosum

Most commonly, which cerebral hemisphere is responsible for controlling speech?

Left

Generally, the left cerebral hemisphere issues motor commands for the right side of the body.

True

Which of the five cerebral lobes is the one not visible on the surface of the brain?

Insula

One function of the brain's frontal lobe is

Verbal communication

The portion of the brain involved primarily with vision is the

Occipital lobe

Cerebral lateralization refers to the

Functional differences between the right and left hemispheres

The lobe that is immediately posterior to the central sulcus and that is involved in general sensory functions is the

Parietal lobe

The lateral sulcus is superior to the

Temporal lobe

The frontal eye field is immediately anterior to the premotor cortex

True

The Wernicke area is the motor speech area of the frontal lobe.

False

The primary gustatory cortex processes information about ________ and is located in the ______

Taste, insula

The feet of the sensory homunculus are located

Medially on the postcentral gyrus

The gnostic area is a part of the frontal lobe that integrates the learning of skilled motor activities.

False

Association areas

Integrate new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences

The gnostic area of the brain provides comprehensive understanding of a current activity. It is composed of portions of the

Parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

A person with damage to the premotor cortex area that coordinates eye movements

Can understand the words but cannot follow the lines on the page

Association tracts

Connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

Commissural tracts

Extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Projection tracts

Link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord

The bundle of projection tracts that passes between the cerebral nuclei and the thalamus is the ________ capsule.

Internal

Anatomical asymmetries between the two cerebral hemispheres are known as _______.

Petalias

The ______ hemisphere is known for its involvement in categorization, symbolization, and analytical reasoning

Left

Which skills are associated with the right hemisphere for most individuals?

Visuospatial skills and music

The left hemisphere is dominant for speech in almost all right-handed people and in many left-handed ones.

True

Which structures form the lentiform nucleus?

Putamen and globus pallidus

Paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres, inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle, are the

Cerebral nuclei

Which nucleus stimulates the muscles to produce the pattern of arm and leg movements associated with walking?

Caudate nucleus

Which nucleus is part of the lentiform nucleus that controls muscular movement at the subconscious level?

Putamen

This nucleus both excites and inhibits the activities of the thalamus to control and adjust muscle tone.

Globus pallidus

Following a head injury, a young woman frequently loses her temper and is often depressed and otherwise "moody." What part of the brain do you think has been damaged?

Amygdaloid body

Which part of the brain contains the epithalamus, hypothalamus, and the thalamus?

Diencephalon

This portion of the brain forms part of the roof of the diencephalon and covers the third ventricle. Its posterior portion houses the pineal gland and the habenular nuclei.

Epithalamus

This portion of the brain secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps to regulate the body's circadian rhythm.

Pineal gland

Which structure plays a crucial role in filtering out the irrelevant noise at a crowded party so that you can listen to someone speaking to you?

Thalamus

Which structure serves as the main relay point for sensory information that is headed to a primary sensory region of the cerebral cortex?

Thalamus

A football player can hear his coach's voice above the noise of the crowd and can sense an opponent about to run him down. These abilities are due to the action of what part of the brain?

Thalamus

The brain region that exerts significant control over the endocrine system is the

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus exerts master control over the motor system

False

Functions of the hypothalamus include regulation of body temperature and water intake.

True

The sleep-wake cycle and the sex drive are both regulated by the

Hypothalamus

The tectal plate (corpora quadrigemina) is part of what portion of the brain?

Brainstem

As motor tracts descend to the brainstem, they become the anterolateral surfaces of the midbrain known as the

Cerebral peduncles.

The superior olivary complex is involved in detecting the

Location of a sound

Which are the midbrain nuclei that produce dopamine, and thereby affect motor control?

Substantia nigra

The superior colliculi help you respond to

Visual stimuli — for example, when you turn toward a bright flash of light

The inferior colliculi are auditory reflex centers of the midbrain.

True

Which portion of the brain contains the posterior part of the fourth ventricle?

Medulla oblongata

Axons of the corticospinal tract cross the brainstem at the

Decussation of the pyramids in the medulla oblongata

The medulla oblongata contains a cardiac center and a medullary respiratory center

True

The vasomotor center is an important regulator of ________ and is located in the ________

Blood pressure, medulla

The numerous folds of the cerebellar cortex are called

Folia

Which part of the brain contains the arbor vitae?

Cerebellum

The middle cerebral peduncles connect the cerebellum to the

Pons

The inferior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the midbrain.

False

This portion of the brain ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements.

Cerebellum

Which portion of the brain adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture?

Cerebellum

The __________ is composed of multiple structures that collaboratively process and experience emotions.

Limbic system

The limbic system allows

Processing and experiencing of emotion