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Carl Sauer

Carl Sauer

Theorized plant domestication began in a biologically diverse environment. People had more opportunity to experiment with plants in diverse environments. This most likely started in Southeast Asia.

2nd Agricultural Revolution

Coincided with the Industrial Revolution, and saw an increase in soil fertility, better technology, advances in breeding and livestock increaed production of mear and dairy.

3rd Agricultural Revolution

Called the Green Revolution, started in the 1930's and came about during concern of global hunger. Hybrid crops were introduced to increase yields but has been criticized for reducing genetic diversity increasing pollution.

1st Agricultural Revolution aka Neolithic Revolution

Dating back 10,000 years, it achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

Agribusiness

System of commercial farming found in the United States and other relatively developed countries

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

von Thunen model

A model that explains the location of agricultureal activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. Various farming activities are in rings around a central market/city, with profit-earning capability being the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market

shifting cultivation (slash and burn)

Slash (Clear) vegetation. Burn debris from slashing. Ash from burnt vegetation fertilizes the soil. A swidden is a cleared and burnt field.

Primary Economic Activity

Economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment; such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture

Pastoral Nomadism

Animals (cows, camels, goats, sheep, llamas) are moved from one grazing pasture to another. Animal movement from highlands to lowlands is transhumance. Pastoral nomads trade animal products (milk, skins, meat) in exchange for grain.

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

Subsistence farming in LDCs where many people need to be fed. Land must be intensively worked (almost no scrap of land wasted). Work is done by hands or animals with plow (eg. wet rice from rice paddies).

Plantation Farming

Large farms specializing in 1 or 2 crops. Usually found in LDCs but often under control of MDCs with crops sold in N. America and Europe. Often highly labor intensive and require import of workers, who are often mistreated/underpaid.

Mixed Crop Farming and Livestock

Most crops fed to animals. Most land devoted to crops but ¾ of income from animal products.

Livestock Ranching

Commercial grazing of livestock over extensive area. Highly integrated into meat processing industry and CAFOs

Dairy Farming

Most important type of commercial agriculture in MDCs in rings around large cities. Area surrounding dairying is milk shed

CAFO

Concentrated animal feeding operation which is a large feedlot to fatten animals before slaughter

Grain Farming

Grain grown for human consumption (unlike Mixed Crop and Livestock). Unlike in LDCs, grain farmers product is sold as processed foods (bread, cereal, snacks).

Mediterranean Farming

Farming of fruits and vegetables (horticulture) that grow well in rare "Mediterranean" climates (west coast of most continents). Horticulture is growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

Illegal Drug Farming

1. Marijuana

2. Poppy (used for Opium or Heroine)

3. Coca (used for Cocaine)

What two factors influenced Von Thunen model?

Perish-ability and Transport Costs

What allows drug agriculture to continue?

The demand from the core (mostly US and Europe)

IR8

A hybrid rice created with Chinese and Indonesian rice in the 1960's. IR8 got innovated to IR36 which became most widely grown seed in the world IN 1992

What is the main reason for famines today?

Political Instability

What are the current goals for scientists in terms of agriculture?

1. Create a super rice that yield twice the amount of rice per acre

2. Find traits to fight off diseases

3. Fatten livestock

4. Make food's appearance better

What are the problems people have with technologic adaption to crops?

1. Create super-pests

2. Health Risks in foods

3. Make farms more vulnerable because if one farm is affected all farms with similar crops are affected

4. Loss of organic matter

5. Water shortages

6. Eliminates small-scale farming because can't afford GMO's

7. Soil erosion

8. Dependent on chemicals for production

9. Loss of control of production

Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming (truck farming)

Predominant type of agriculture in the U.S. Southeast; grows many fruits and vegetables that consumers demand in MDCs such as apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, and tomatoes

About how many major crops in the US are genetically modified?

90%

von Thunen's model will be on the quiz.

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