Vaccines

Variolation

• method of disease prevention in early China

• people would either inhale or have smallpox scabs rubbed on scratches

Who created the first vaccine

Edward Jenner; inoculated people with cowpox to prevent smallpox

Live attenuated vaccine

• made from live bacteria and viruses that are less virulent

• typhoid or Sabin oral polio vaccine

• can revert to more pathogenic state

Inactivated killed vaccine

• used whole killed microbes that are inactivated

• cholera, rabies, and flu vaccine

• requires boosters and risk of complete inactivation

Subunt vaccine

• contained selected antigenic virus/microbes that stimulate the best response

• Hep B vaccine

• not many risks

Toxoid vaccines

• made using inactivated toxins from formalin or phenol treatment

• diphtheria and tetanus vaccine

• don’t generation T cell response so boosters required

Virus-like particle vaccine

• look like virus but have not infectious material

• HPV, Ebola vaccine

• typical side effects

Polysaccharide vaccine

• made from polysaccharides found in viral capsule

• pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine

• T-independent and weakly immunogenic in young children

Conjugated vaccine

• polysaccharide + toxoid vaccine

• Hemophilus influenzae type B

• usual side effects

DNA vaccine

• naked or encapsulated DNA that code for specific antigens

• Hep B vaccine

• could integrate into wrong spot in chromosome and lead to genome alteration

RNA vaccine

• encapsulated RNA that create viral spike proteins and present them to immune system

• Pfizer and Moderna

• anaphylaxis, antibody-dependent enhancements, and death

what is an adjuvant

• a contaminant that makes a vaccine more effective

• like aluminum salt

• may activate innate response by activating TLRs, but we don’t know