Chapter 4

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

AIDS

ALT

Alanine aminotransferase

Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen

anti-HBc

anti-HBs

Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen

Antibodies to HCV (Hepatitis C virus)

anti-HCV

ASD

Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease

Annual standardized ratio

ASR

ATL

Adult T-cell leukemia

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus

ATLL

ATPase

Adenosine triphosphatase

Blood group antigen-binding adhesion

BabA

BLV

Bovine leukemia virus

Body mass index, which is a person’s weight / height. BMI = kg/m2

BMI

bp

Base pair

Base pair

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

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cAMP

CCA

Cholangiocarcinoma

Covalently closed circular DNA

ccc DNA

SCF

Soluble complement-fixing antigen (to detect the presence of specific antibodies or antigens)

What SCF do?

(to detect the presence of specific antibodies or antigens)

Confidence interval

CI

CLL

When most of the cancer cells are in the bloodstream and the bone marrow, disease is referred to also Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

SLL

small lymphocytic lymphoma Also When the cancer cells are located mostly in the lymph nodes

Cytomegalovirus

CMV

Cryo-EM

Cryo-electron microscopy

Campylobacter pylori

C.pylori

Clonorchis sinensis a liver parasite that humans can get by eating raw or undercooked fish

C. Sinensis

CTAR

C-terminal activation region

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte

CTL

Cytotoxic T cells (Cytotoxic T lymphocytes)

CTLs

DLBCL

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Dyad symmetry, which is method of E. coli. Where the when it terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH). transcription termination in Regions of dyad symmetry in stall .

DS

What’s this

Dayd symmetry

EBV

Epstein-Barr virus

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EBV

Extracellular matrix

ECM

EGF

Epidermal growth factor

Epidermal growth factor receptor

EGFR

EIAs

Enzyme immunoassays

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, The assay uses a solid- phase type of enzyme immunoassay to detect the presence of a ligand in a liquid sample using antibodies directed against the protein to be measured.

ELISAs

.

to detect the presence of a ligand in a liquid sample using antibodies directed against the protein to be measured.

Epithelial to mesenchymal transdifferentiation which contributes pathologically to fibrosis and cancer progression.

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EMT

GLUT1

Glucose transporter 1

Highly active antiretroviral therapy

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HAART

HAV

Hepatitis A virus

Hepatitis B virus

HBV

HCV

Hepatitis C virus

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HCC

cholesterol is known as the "good" cholesterol because it helps remove other forms of cholesterol from your bloodstream.

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High-density lipoprotein (HDL):

Higher levels of HDL means

cholesterol are associated with a lower risk of heart disease.

HGF

Hepatocyte growth factor

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Human herpesvirus

HHV

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus

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Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

HNSCC

HPV

Human papillomavirus, a virus with subtypes that cause diseases in humans ranging from common warts to cervical cancer.

HPV

Hepatic stellate cells

HSCs

HTLV-1

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1

HSC

ICC

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Insulin-like growth factor is a hormone that, along with growth hormone (GH), helps promote normal bone and tissue growth and development.

IGF

IgR

Immunoglobulin receptor

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

iNOS

KSHV (also known as HHV-8)

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus a type of cancer that forms in the lining of blood and lymph vessels.

Lymphocryptovirus is a genus of viruses in the order Herpesvirales.

LCV

LDLR

bad” cholesterol, makes up most of your body's cholesterol. High levels of LDL cholesterol raise your risk for heart disease.

Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a clonal B-cell tumour.

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MALT

MHC

Major histocompatibility complex which is a group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances.

miRNA

MicroRNA is a small single stranded non-coding RNA

Microtubule-organizing center structure found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules

MTOC

structure found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules

NAFLD

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Origin of replication

Ori

Origin of replication

Pase

Polymerase

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell

PBMC

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

PIN

PKC

Protein kinase C

Retinoblastoma protein

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pRB

PRKAR1α

Protein kinaseA regulatory subunit 1α

Primate T-lymphotropic virus

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PTLV

RT

Reverse transcriptase

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Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results

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SEER

tracks the incidence of and collects follow-up information on all previously diagnosed patients until their death.

SEER

SHBs

Small hepatitis B surface proteins

Safe Injection Global Network

SIGN

SIR

Standardized incidence ratio is used to determine if the occurrence of cancer in a relatively small population is high or low.

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Simian immunodeficiency virus (retrovirus)

SIV

Simian immunodeficiency virus (retrovirus)

SNPs

Single nucleotide polymorphisms is a DNA occurring when a single nucleotide adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), or guanine (G\]) in the genome (or other shared sequence) differs between members of a species.

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Sexually transmitted diseases

STDs

TNFR

Tumor necrosis factor receptor

is a protein receptors characterized by the to bind cells, which may be involved in inflammation-associated carcinogenesis.

TNF-receptor

TNF-α

Tumor necrosis factor-α responsible for a diverse range of signalling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis.

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UVB

shorter wavelength and is associated with skin

longer wavelength and is associated with skin aging.

UVA

UV

Ultraviolet in general

Viral capsid antigens

VCA

vLDL

Very low-density lipoprotein is a type of bad cholesterol (liver), because it helps cholesterol build up on the walls of arteries.