blood pressure

What is the formula for calculating Cardiac Output (CO)?

Stroke Volume (mL/beat) x Heart Rate (beats/minute)

Normal Cardiac Output (CO) value for an adult is _ L/min.

5.25 L/min

What are the three factors affecting Peripheral Resistance (PR)?

Blood Viscosity, Blood Vessel Length, Blood Vessel Diameter

How does an increase in Cardiac Output (CO) affect Blood Pressure (BP)?

Increase in CO leads to an increase in BP.

What role do baroreceptors play in Blood Pressure regulation?

They detect stretch in blood vessels and send signals to the medulla to adjust BP.

What happens to blood pressure if it is detected to be high by baroreceptors?

The sympathetic stimulation is inhibited, leading to vasodilation and a decrease in BP.

What effect do epinephrine and norepinephrine have on Blood Pressure?

They increase heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), and cause vasoconstriction, leading to an increase in BP.

What triggers the renin pathway involving angiotensin II?

A decrease in BP or blood volume.

What is the effect of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) on Blood Pressure?

It reduces blood volume, leading to a decrease in BP.

How do kidneys directly affect Blood Pressure?

They can remove water to lower BP or conserve water to raise BP.

What is the Indirect Mechanism of Blood Pressure regulation also known as?

Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System.

If blood volume increases, what is the effect on Blood Pressure?

Blood Pressure increases.

Where are chemoreceptors located and what do they sense?

In the carotid and aortic bodies; they sense O₂, CO₂, and pH levels.

How does low O₂ or high CO₂ affect cardiac output and Blood Pressure?

It increases cardiac output and causes vasoconstriction.

What is the relationship between blood volume and BP?

More blood results in higher BP, while less blood leads to lower BP.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) 

Causes water retention → ↑ BP, increases blood volume by retaining sodium