The Brain and Cranial Nerves

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to the structure and functions of the brain and cranial nerves.

Brain

The complex organ that functions as the control center for the body, responsible for thought, memory, emotion, and coordination of bodily functions.

Gray Matter

Tissue in the brain consisting of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses; forms the outer layer of the brain surface.

White Matter

Tissue in the brain composed of axons and myelinated nerve fibers that connects various parts of the nervous system.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, responsible for voluntary actions, speech, judgement, and complex thought processes.

Cerebellum

The part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains posture and balance.

Brainstem

The part of the brain that controls basic life functions such as heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.

Thalamus

The brain structure that acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex.

Hypothalamus

A brain region controlling the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system; crucial for maintaining homeostasis.

Meninges

Three protective membranes composed of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles of the brain, cushioning the brain and spinal cord.

Cranial Nerves

Twelve pairs of nerves that arise directly from the brain, responsible for sensory and motor functions in the head and neck.

Coronary Fissure

The deep groove that separates the cerebral hemispheres in the brain.

Neuroglia

Supporting cells in the nervous system that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons.

Pyramidal Decussation

The crossing of corticospinal tracts in the medulla oblongata, leading to contralateral control of voluntary movements.

Limbic System

A set of structures in the brain associated with emotions, memory, and motivational drives.

Basal Nuclei

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the brain that help coordinate movement and regulate motor control.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A test that measures electrical activity in the brain, often used to diagnose brain disorders and study sleep.

Aphasia

A language disorder resulting from brain damage that affects speaking, understanding, reading, or writing.

Circadian Rhythms

Physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a daily cycle, influencing sleep and other bodily functions.

Diencephalon

The part of the brain that includes structures such as the thalamus and hypothalamus, lying between the brainstem and the cerebrum.