Spirochetes

• These are helically coiled bacteria that are transmitted through arthropod vectors

• Resembles stretched spirals

Borrelia spp.

What are the three species of Borrelia?

1. Borrelia recurrentis

2. Borrelia hermsii or Borrelia parkeri

3. Borrelia burgdorferi

Borrelia recurentis is the agent of?

louse-borne relapsing fever

Borrelia recurrentis uses what vector/

human louse or Pediculus humanus

What are the common symptoms when you are infected with Borrelia recurrentis?

high fever, bone and muscle pain, confusion

Borrelia hermsii or Borrelia parkeri is the agent of?

tick-borne relapsing fever

What is the vector used by Borrelia hermsii or Borrelia parkeri?

ornithodoras ticks

Borrelia burgdorferi is the agent of?

lyme disease

Lyme disease uses what vector?

ixoda ticks or deer ticks

What is the 1st stage of lyme disease?

appearance of lesions beside the bite that develops into erythema chronicum migrans

The lesion erythema chronicum migrans appear as?

bull’s eye lesions

What is the 2nd stage of lyme disease?

dissemination through blood, bones, CNS, heart and liver

What is the 3rd stage of lyme disease or is also known as the chronic stage

neurological abnormalities, arthritis, and skin lesions

What are the two culture medias we can use for Borrelia spp.?

1. kelly’s medium

2. barbour stoenner-kelly’s

What are the two serological tests we can use for Borrelia spp.?

1. ELISA

2. westernblot: gold standard

Which one of the two serological tests of Borrelia spp. is the confirmatory test?

westernblot: gold standard

Which one of the two serological tests of Borrelia spp. is the screening test?

ELISA

Westernblot: gold standard uses what for identifying DNA and proteins?

western blot

Westernblot: gold standard uses what for identifying RNA?

northernblot

What are the three treatments for Borrelia spp.?

1. macrolide

2. doxycycline

3. amoxicillin

This is tightly coiled and resembles a cork screw

Treponema spp.

What are the 4 species under Treponema spp.?

1. Treponema palladium subsp. palladium

2. Treponema palladium subsp. pertenue

3. Treponema palladium subsp. endecume

4. Treponema carateum

Treponema palladium subsp. palladium is the agent of what? It is also known to be great pox, evil pox, french/italian pox, and spanish disease

venereal syphilis

To have congenital syphilis, what do you need to have?

hutchinsonian triad

The hutchinsonian triad is composed of what 3 elements to say you have a congenital syphilis?

1. notched teeth

2. keratitis

3. eczema

How can the venereal syphilis be transferred?

1. sexual contact

2. direct transmission

3. transplacental route

What are the 4 stages of venereal syphilis?

1. primary syphilis

2. secondary syphilis

3. latent syphilis

4. tertiary syphilis

Which stage of venereal syphilis is this?: The appearance of hard chancre that is painless and firm

primary syphilis

When does the hard chancre usually appear in the primary syphilis of venereal syphilis?

10-90 days after infection

In the second stage of venereal syphilis, what usually appears?

condylomata lata or wart-like lesions

How long does the second syphilis take to occur when you have venereal syphilis?

2-12 weeks after the primary syphilis

What stage of venereal syphilis is this?: absence of clinical symptoms

latency syphilis

In venereal syphilis, when you reach the latency stage, you usually lose all clinical symptoms, what do you do?

perform serologic tests

When you reach the tertiary syphilis in venereal syphilis, what diseases will you have?

1. gummas

2. neurosyphilis

Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue is the agent of?

yaws

Yaws is also known to be a disease that is?

chronic nonvenereal disease of the skin and bones

How can yaws be transmitted?

direct contact of traumatized skin with infected lesion

Yaws is also similar to venereal syphilis where it causes lesions, but they are more elevated and has (blank)

granulomatus nodules

Treponema pallidum subsp. endecume is the agent of?

bejel

Bejel is known to cause

lesions in the oral cavity, oral mucosa, skin, bones, and nasopharynx

Bejel is also known as?

1. non-venereal syphilis

2. endemic syphilis

How can bejel be transmitted?

mouth to mouth with utensils

Treponema carateum is the agent of?

pinta

Pinta is a

ulcerative skin disease

How can pinta be transmitted?

direct contact of traumatized skin with infected lesion

For the specimen collection of Treponema spp., the lesion should be cleaned with (blank) and avoid (blank)

saline; bleeding

For the laboratory diagnosis of Treponema spp., what are the two things we can do?

1. direct microscopic examination using dark field microscope

2. serologic tests

There are two treatments for Treponema spp., what are these?

1. heavy metals

2. penicillin

To treat Treponema spp. infection, you can use heavy metals which are?

1. arsenic

2. arsphenamine

3. salvarsan

This reaction happens when large amounts of toxin are being released when the bacteria dies during treatment

jorisch-herxheimer reaction

This is a tightly twisted bacteria with one or both ends bent into a hook

Leptospira spp.

What are the 3 species of Leptospira spp.?

1. Leptospira biflexa

2. Leptospira interrogans

3. Leptospira interrogans serovar.

This specie of Leptospira is known to not be pathogenic and is commonly found in water and soil

Leptospira biflexa

Leptospira interrogans is the agent of?

leptospirosis

Leptospira interrogans can be parasitic for all (blank) except humans

vertebrates

What are vertebrates that can be affected by the Leptospira interrogans?

1. rodents

2. cats

3. dogs

4. racoons

5. bats

Leptospira interrogans usually shed in the (blank) of animals

urine

How does Leptospira interrogans spread/transmitted?

direct contact with the urine of an infected animal

What can be infected when you have Leptospira interrogans?

kidney, liver, CNS

What do we call the most severe form of leptospirosis?

weil’s disease

• This is a disease under Leptospira interrogans serovar.

• Is also known as weil’s disease

icterohemmoragiae

• This is a disease under Leptospira interrogans serovar.

• Is also known as infectious jaundice

canicola

• This is a disease under Leptospira interrogans serovar.

• Is also known as fo’rt braggs or prettbial fever

autumnalis

• This is a disease under Leptospira interrogans serovar.

• Is also known as marsch fever

grippotyphosa

• This is a disease under Leptospira interrogans serovar.

• Is also known as 7-day fever

hebdomadis

• This is a disease under Leptospira interrogans serovar.

• Is also known as swine herd’s fever

mitis/pomona

For the specimen collection of Leptospira spp., there are two options which are?

1. blood

2. urine

For the specimen collection of Leptospira spp., we get a blood sample when

infection is new

For the specimen collection of Leptospira spp., we get a urine sample when?

infection is 2 weeks or more

When culturing Leptospira spp., what are the two possible culture medias?

1. Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH)

2. Fletcher and Stuart’s

When you use Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) to culture Leptospira spp., how should it be stored?

in the dark at room temperature

When you use Fletcher and Stuart’s to culture Leptospira spp., how long should it take?

6-8 weeks

Chlamydia spp. was formerly known as?

bedsonia

Bedsonia means?

large virus

Chlamydia spp. is known to cause what?

trachoma inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIc)

Chlamydia spp. is known to be an (blank) which is why it cannot grow in (blank) media

obligate intracellular; artificially prepared

Is Chlamydia spp. gram + or -?

-

How does Chlamydia spp. reproduce?

binary fission

What are the infectious particles of Chlamydia spp.?

elementary bodies

What are the 3 species of Chlamydia spp.?

1. Chlamydia psittaci

2. Chlamydia pneumoniae

3. Chlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydia psittaci is an agent of?

psittacosis or ornithosis

This is a disease of birds like parrots, parakeets, and cockatoos

psittacosis or ornithosis

How can psittacosis/ornithosis be transmitted?

inhalation of contaminated aerosols or fomites

• Is associated with mild respiratory tract infection

• Is associated with TWARS (taiwanese acute respiratory strain)

Chlamydia pneumoniae

What are the three subtypes of Chlamydia trachomatis?

1. A, B, Ba, C

2. D-K

3. L1, L2, L3

Guess what subtype of Chlamydia trachomatis is this?

• Causes endemic trachoma where it can cause persistent infections that will eventually lead to blindness

• Causes inclusion conjunctivitis

subtype A, B, Ba, C

Guess what subtype of Chlamydia trachomatis is this?

• Causes urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, epididymitis, and infant pneumonia

subtype D-K

Guess what subtype of Chlamydia trachomatis is this?

• Causes lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) trat ins transmitted through venereal routes

subtype L1, L2, L3

For the laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia spp., we use (blank) which are (blank) cells that are pre-treated with (blank)

McCoy cells; murine cells; cyclohexamine

This is a serologic test used to identify Chlamydia spp. where it is a delayed hypersensitivity skin test for LGV

FREI’s test

What does LGV stand for?

lymphogranuloma venereum

• These are the smallest free-living microorganisms

• Gram -

• Usually found in plants and animals

Mycoplasma spp.

Mycoplasma spp. was formerly known as?

pleuropneumonia-like organism

What does PPLOs stand for?

pleuropneumonia-like organisms

Mycoplasma spp. is known to cause (blank) in cattles

pleuropneumonia

What are the two subspecies of Mycoplasma spp.?

1. Mycoplasma pneumoniae

2. Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum

• Eaton’s agent

• Cause of community-acquired pneumonia and tracheobronchitis in children and young adults

• Also known as primary atypical pneumonia or walking pneumonia

Mycoplasma pneumonia

• This is known as genital mycoplasmas

• Colonizes adults asymptomatically

• Causes nongonococcal urethritis in males

Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum

M. hominis is known to cause (blank) and (blank) in women

1. salpingitis

2. postpartal fever

What are the three possible culture medias for Mycoplasma spp.

1. shepard’s

2. A7B

3. E-agar