Biology Exam 1

Test Material based off the given review.

Deductive reasoning

Uses general premises to make specific predictions (vague observations to specific claims)

Inductive reasoning

Derives generalizations from a large number of specific observations (specific observations to vague claims)

Hypothesis

An explanation, based on observations and assumptions, that leads to a testable prediction

Qualitative data

Date recorded through descriptions

Quantitative data

Data expressed in numerical measurements, expressed into tables and graphs

DNA

Chromosomes that contain genetic material, arranged in a double helix

RNA

Single strand that acts as a messenger, copier, and builder of DNA's genetic material

Genes

Units of inheritance, encode information for building molecules synthesized within the cell

Genome

The whole sets of genes in one or more species, the entire “library” of genetic instructions

Nucleotides

The fundamental building block for RNA abbreviated to A, G, C, and T

Gene expression

The process of converting information from gene to cellular product

Domains

The three divisions all living organisms are classified into, bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Prokaryotes

The cells of bacteria and archaea, DNA is throughout the cell, no nucleus but a nucleoid, and no membrane bounded organelles

Eukaryotes

Plants, animals, fungi, and protist, with a nucleus filled with genetic material. membrane bounded organelles

Taxonomy

The branch of science concerned with classification of organisms, entire name is italicized or underlined, first word first letter capitalized, second word first letter lowercase, first word is species it belongs to, second word is unique species

Theory of evolution

All life on Earth shares a common ancestor that changes over generations through processes like natural selection

Element

Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

Compound

A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

Essential Life Elements

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter

Subatomic particles

Atomics are composed of these particles which include protons, neutrons and electrons

Atomic number

The number of protons in the nucleus

Mass number

The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Atomic mass

Atom’s total mass, approximated by the mass number

Periodic Table Structure

Groups (columns) have similar valence electrons, leading to shared chemical properties. Period (rows) have the same number of electron shells.

Chemical bond

Atoms with incomplete valence shells can share or transfer valence electrons with other atoms, result leads to atoms staying close together

Covalent bonds

two atoms sharing a pair of valence electrons, shared electrons count as part of each atom’s valence shell

Single covalent bond

Share a pair of valence electrons

Double covalent bond

Shares two pairs of valence electrons

Nonpolar covalent bond

Atoms share electrons equally

Polar covalent bound

One atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electrons evenly

Ionic bonds

Atoms that strip electrons from their bonding partners, resulting in different charged molecules, positive is caution, anion is negative

Chemical reactions

All of these reactions are reversible, products of the forwarded reaction become reactants of the reverse reaction. They make and break chemical bonds

Isotopes

Two atoms of an element that differ in the amount of neutrons

Solution

The completely homogenous mixture between two substances, solvent is the dissolving substance, solute is what is being dissolved

pH equation

pH = -log [H+]

Acid

A substance that increase in the H+ concentration of a solution

Base

A substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution

Buffers

Solutions that resist pH changes by neutralizing added acids and bases