unit 7: lQ/problem solving/personality (copy)

functional fixedness

a type of cognitive bias that involves a tendency to see objects as only working in a particular way.

flynn effect

that determined the average IQ of humans steadily increases over time

intelligence

the mental capacity to learn from experiences, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one's environment

g or g-factor

source of individual differences in general ability, representing an individual's capacity to perceive relationships and derive conclusions

IQ

a number used to express the relative intelligence of a person

fluid intelligence

able to think on the fly; the ability to solve novel problems, think abstractly, and reason without relying on previously acquired knowledge or experience

crystallized intelligence

the accumulated knowledge, skills, and understanding that a person has acquired throughout their life‘ wisdom

convergent thinking

only 1 answer; a cognitive process that involves focusing on finding the best possible solution to a problem by narrowing down options and evaluating them critically

divergent thinking

creativity; a thought process used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions

validity

intelligence must be this….

the extent to which a test or measurement accurately reflects the construct or concept it's intended to measure

reliability

intelligence test must also be this….

the consistency or stability of scores obtained from an intelligence test over time and across different situation

standardization

everyone is tested the same; the process of ensuring that a test is administered and scored consistently across all participants, allowing for meaningful comparisons of results

normed (percentile rank)

the percentage of individuals in a specific group (the norm group) who scored at or below a particular score on a test, providing a way to compare an individual's performance to others; percentile rank

achievement

ACT and AP exams; Measure how much you have learned in a given subject area

aptitude (predictive validity)

SAT; designed to assess an individual's potential to succeed in a certain area, even if they haven't received training or education in that field

ghrelin

a hormone that is known as an appetite increaser

leptin

a protein, manufactured and secreted by fat cells, that may communicate to the brain the amount of body fat stored and may help to regulate food intake

hypothalamus

control center for many automatic functions including hormone production, temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, sleep cycles, and emotional responses

pituitary gland

it regulates other endocrine glands and controls growth, metabolism, and other bodily functions, including stress response

drive reduction theory

the actions we take are motivated by a need to reduce the tension created by physiological drives

homeostasis (satiety)

homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment, while satiety is the feeling of fullness that signals the end of eating and inhibits further food intake

anorexia

an eating disorder characterized by restriction of food intake leading to low body weight, typically accompanied by intense fear of gaining weight and disturbed perception of body weight and image

bulimia

an eating disorder that causes you to eat large amounts of food at one time (binge) and then get rid of it (purge)

general adaption syndrome (GAS)

a three-stage response that the body undergoes when exposed to prolonged stress

STAGE 1: alarm - sympathetic NS

STAGE 2: resistance - drive reduction

STAGE 3: burn out/sickness

trait

a relatively stable, consistent, and enduring internal characteristic that is inferred from a pattern of behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and habits in the individual

factor analysis

a statistical method for identifying clusters of items that tend to be answered the same way

personality inventory

a psychological assessment tool that measures and evaluates various aspects of an individual's personality, such as traits, behaviors, and attitudes

big 5 (OCEAN)

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Openness

curious, original, intellectual, creative, and open to new ideas

Conscientiousness

organized, systematic, punctual, achievement oriented, and dependable

Extraversion

outgoing, talkative, sociable, and enjoys being in social situations

Agreeableness

affable, tolerant, sensitive, trusting, kind, and warm

Neuroticism

anxious, irritable, temperamental, and moody

difference between emotions, feeling, and mood

emotions: seconds

feeling: minutes

mood: days

how many emotions are there

7

name of emotions

surprise, fear, disgust, anger, happiness, sadness, and contempt

emotions

conscious mental reactions (such as anger or fear) subjectively experienced as strong feelings usually directed toward a specific object and typically accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes in the body

display rules

culturally-defined norms or conventions that dictate when, where, and how emotions should be expressed, suppressed, or exaggerated

broaden & build theory

positive emotions broaden an individual's momentary thought-action repertoires, leading to the building of enduring personal resources

facial feedback hypothesis

suggests that individuals' emotional experiences are influenced by their facial expressions

schachter’s two-factor theory emotion

people use cues from their immediate environment to inform their emotions

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approach

explains personality in terms of unconscious psychological processes

id

the primitive, instinctual, and unconscious part of the personality that drives basic needs and desires, operating on the pleasure principle seeking immediate gratification

ego

the realistic part of personality that strikes a balance between our primal urges and moral conscience

superego

the ethical component of the personality and provides the moral standards by which the ego operates/what society thinks you should do

defense mechanisms

unconscious strategies used to protect oneself from anxiety or distress, often distorting reality to cope with internal conflicts or external stressors

repression

a defense mechanism where the unconscious mind pushes unacceptable or anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, or memories out of conscious awareness, though they may still influence behavior

denial

a psychological defense mechanism in which an individual refuses to acknowledge or accept painful or threatening realities

displacement

a defense mechanism where an individual redirects an emotional reaction, like anger or fear, from its original source to a less threatening target

fantasy

a broad range of mental experiences, often involving vivid imagery and the expression of desires through imaginary scenarios, which can be conscious or unconscious and serve various psychological purposes

projection

a defense mechanism in which an individual attributes their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or behaviors to others

rationalization

a defense mechanism where a person justifies their thoughts, feelings, or actions with seemingly logical reasons, often to avoid confronting uncomfortable truths or underlying motives

reaction formation

a defense mechanism in psychology where a person unconsciously expresses the opposite of their true feelings or impulses

regression

a defense mechanism where an individual returns to earlier stages of development or behavior

sublimation

a healthy defense mechanism where unacceptable or socially undesirable impulses or desires are channeled into socially acceptable and constructive behaviors

free association

a psychoanalytic technique where a patient is encouraged to express their thoughts, feelings, and memories without censorship or self-criticism

projective test

presents ambiguous stimuli (like inkblots or pictures) to elicit responses that reveal underlying personality traits, unconscious thoughts, and emotions, as individuals are believed to "project" their internal world onto the stimuli

grit

a personality trait characterized by perseverance and passion for achieving long-term goals

growth mindset

people believe that their most basic abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work

fixed mindset

the belief that abilities are innate and unchangeable

learned helplessness

a state where an individual, after repeated exposure to stressful or painful situations they believe they cannot control, develops a passive and apathetic response, even when opportunities for change or escape arise

reciprocal determinism

the theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura which states that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment

internal locus of control

the belief that individuals have control over their own actions and outcomes, and that their choices and efforts directly influence the results they experience

external locus of control

the belief that external factors, rather than one's own actions, determine life outcomes, such as luck, fate, or powerful others, leading to a sense of helplessness or resignation

explanatory style

the way a person creates a narrative about a specific event in their life