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Westerlies

Winds that blow from west to east

Charter Company

Group of investors funding trade, exploration, and colonization

Mercantilism

Economic policies by states seeking to increase their wealth and power through trade

Caravel

Three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the Eastern world

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Vasco de Gama

Portuguese explorer who sailed around Africa and to India

Christopher Columbus

Mistakenly discovered the Americas while searching for a faster route to India.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation that encouraged the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Portolan maps

Maps with lines radiating from compasses that showed routes to important ports

Encomienda System

Gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work in exchange for protection and conversion to Christianity

Spanish Caste System

System based on race that was used for social control and also determined a person's role and importance in society

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Tokugawa Shogunate

Semi-feudal government of Japan where one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule

Shimabara Rebellion

Peasant uprising against taxes but also religious persecution was defeated and led to end of Christianity in Japan

Sakoku

Policy of Japan closing the country to foreign trade with Europe and encouraging domestic production of goods

Philip II of Spain

The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of Spain and Portugal. Supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England, an intolerant, Catholic king

Louis XIV of France

"Sun King", absolute monarch of France, built Palace of Versailles

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

Francisco Pizzaro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas

silver-only tax policy

Ming economic policy that devalued luxury Chinese goods which caused the Ming economy to die

Ana Nzinga

Angolan queen who fought off the Portuguese colonizers by pretending to accept Christianity, but actually was partnered with the Dutch. Developed a powerful trade nation instead of waging internal war.

Catalan Revolt

Backlash by Catalan to fight Count Olivares attempt to gain access to Catalonia’s people and resources

Cartaz

A pass that the Portuguese required of all merchant vessels to have that were attempting to trade in the Indian Ocean.

Ferdinand and Isabella

The king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition. Funded Columbus's Voyage

Index of Prohibited Books

Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned

King Phillip's War

Series of assaults by King Philip on English settlements in New England. Slowed the westward migration of New England settlers

Vodun

African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti

Santeria

Cuban religion that combines Catholic and West African beliefs

Candomble

New World religion combining Catholic Ideas with west African religions in Brazil

Nyai Gede

Muslim and an immigrant to Java, where she established herself as a merchant

Sufism

Islamic mysticism syncretized with Hinduism.

Valide Sultan

Mother of an Ottoman Sultan, ruler of the harem and a powerful woman

Timariots

Nobles and militarymen who received land grants from the Sultan in exchange for loyal service

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America as the highest social class.

Creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America, had inferior social, political, economic status.

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European blood

Mulattoes

People of mixed African and European blood

Sternpost Rudder

Chinese invention that allowed for better navigation and control of ships of increasing size. The Europeans received it through trade.

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

British East India Company

Set up trading posts in India, beginning the British economic interest there