anat3

skeletal system

4 different classifications of bones

flat, irregular, long, short

example of bone classifications (flat)

rib bones

example of bone classifications (irregular)

sacrum

example of bone classifications (long)

humerus

example of bone classifications (short)

carpal bones

where is the periosteum located

around your bones

what is the function of the periosteum

anchor point for tendons and ligaments

epiphysis

ends of the bone

diaphysis

middle of the bones

location of the medullary cavity

hollow region within the diaphysis

function of the medullar cavity

stores area for bone marrow

yellow marrow

high in fat; found in diaphysis

red marrow

produces red blood cells; found in epiphysis

function of articular cartilage

create smooth movement; protects bones from rubbing against each other

where is the articular cartilage found

end of bones/joints

compact bone

dense, less space in between

spongy bone

large spaces

4 types of bone cells involved in bone growth and formation and their function

osteoprogenitor - immature bone cells that grow into blasts or clasts

osteoblasts - immature bone cells that secrete calcium

osteocytes - mature bone cells

osteoclasts - break down bone

where is the epiphyseal plate located

middle/end of long bones

function of the epiphyseal plate

growth

what is a joint

where two bones connect

what is a ligament

connects bone to muscle

what is a tendon

connects muscle to bone

what are the 3 main categories of joins - what are their movement

synovial - free moving

fibrous - no moving

cartilaginous - slight moving

what are the 6 synovial joints

gliding

pivot

hinge

ball and socket

condyle

saddle

function/location of gliding joint

function - flat surfaces glide across one another

location - clavicle to scapula

function/location of pivot joint

function - rotational movement

location - shake head no

function/location of hinge joint

function - motion in one plane

location - elbow, knee

function/location of ball and socket joint

function - motion in all directions

location - shoulder

function/location of condyle joint

function - significant rotation isnt allowed

location - wrist joint

function/location of saddle joint

function - all motion except rotation

location - thumb

adduction

moves towards midline

abduction

moves away from midline

retraction

pulling body part back

protraction

pushing body forward

pronation

turn downward

supination

turn upward

flexion

decrease angle of bone; flexing

extension

increase angle of bone stretch

hyperextension

extend a joint past its natural boundaries

eversion

foot outwards

inversion

foot inwards

what is scoliosis

abnormal curving of the spine; C or S shaped

what is arthritis

joint inflammation; cartilage, tendons, joints - less flexible and decrease range of motion

what is osteoporosis

bones break down prematurely; bones break easily

types of bone fractures

simple, hairline, compression, greenstick, spiral, comminuted, compound

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simple fracture

hairline fracture

compression fracture

greenstick fracture

spiral fracture

comminuted fracture

compound fracture

how do bones heal

1. bone breaks and severs the blood vessel
2. blood clots and forms a **fracture hematoma**
3. strengthened by collagen and **soft callus**
4. osteoblasts produce bone cells to form **bone callus**
5. osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together to replace bone callus with harder compact bone

clavicle

true ribs

false ribs

floating ribs

ilium

ischium

carpals

metacarpals

phalanges

patella

fibula

manubrium

sternum

xiphoid process

humerus

radius

ulna

pubis

femur

tibia

tarsals

metatarsals

phalanges

cervical

scapula

thoracic

lumbar

sacrum

coccyx

suture

frontal

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sphenoid

ethmoid

nasal

lacrimal

maxilla

mandible

styloid process

external auditory canal

mastoid process

occipital

temporal

parietal