10th Grade Biology - Ch. 4 Review

Solar Radiation
Greenhouse Effect
Latitude

What are the factors that affect climate?

CO2 - carbon dioxide
CH4-methane
H2O-water vapor

What are some atmospheric gases?

Niche; habitat

A _______ is an organism's place in the food web, not just where it physically lives which is called its _______.

two species

No _____ _______ can share the same niche in the same habitat. (ex: warblers)

Competition
Predation
Symbiosis

What are community interactions in ecosystems?

Predator-prey
Herbivore-plant
Keystone species-important predators

What are three relationship types of predation?

Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

List the three types of symbiosis.

natural or human disturbances

What do ecosystems change in response to?

They die out.

What happens to older inhabitants?

They move in.

What happens to new inhabitants as older ones die out?

Lichens & moss

What are some pioneer species?

Bare rock or lava

In the primary succession stage, what does it start with?

Pioneer species; form soil for other species to establish

What moves in first in the Primary Succession and what do they do?

Eventually leads to a climax community (usually a forest)

What does the Primary Succession lead to?

Soil (after a disturbance)

In the Secondary Succession, what does it start with?

quickly; soil; disturbance

Secondary Succession takes place more ________ than primary succession because ____ survives the __________.

abandoned field

What is an example of a secondary succession?

Mount Saint Helen eruptions

What is an example of a natural disaster?

Extensive human-caused disturbances

Ecosystems may or may not recover from what?

Natural features (mountains, forests, lakes)

What can influence climate?

Tropical Rain forest
Tropical Dry forest
Tropical savanna
Desert
Temperate Grasslands
Temperate wood & shrubland (shaparral)
Temperate Forest
Northwestern coniferous forest
Boreal forests (taiga)
Tundra

What are the major land biomes?

Mountain Ranges & Polar Ice Caps

What are the other land areas?

mountain ranges

conditions vary with elevation (warmer bottoms & colder top)

polar ice caps

border the tundra region, permanent snow & ice

Flowing-water
Standing-water
Fresh-water wetlands

What are the three types of freshwater ecosystems?

Intertidal
Coastal
Coral Reefs
Oceanic
Benthic

What are the zones of a marine/ocean ecosystem?

Tropical rain forest

hot & wet year round

Tropical rain forest

nutrient poor soils

Tropical rain forest

greatest diversity of life of any land biome

Tropical dry forest

distinctive wet/dry seasons

Tropical dry forest

most trees drop leaves during the year (deciduous)

Tropical savanna

long dry season with seasonal fires

Tropical savanna

dominated by grasses & grazing animals

Desert

hot/dry

less than 25 cm

How much rain do desert biomes get?

Desert

cold nights

Desert

life adapted to conserve H2O (cacti, birds, reptiles)

Temperate grasslands

very fertile soil (prairies)

Temperate grasslands

grasses & grazing animals (prairie dogs, bison, etc.)

Temperate wood & shrub-land

Hot & semiarid (dry) with shrubs/woodlands

Temperate wood & shrub-land

Mediterranean climate (Spain & Italy)

Temperate forest

mild summer & cold winters

Temperate forest

rich soil - humus

Northwestern coniferous forest

rainy summers & cold winters

Northwestern coniferous forest

coniferous (cones) trees & shrubs

Northwestern coniferous forest

bears & elk

Boreal forests

cold winters & mild summers

Boreal forests

cone plants (pines)

Boreal forests

wolves & moose

Tundra

cool summers & harsh winters

Tundra

mosses & lichens

Tundra

frozen soil (permafrost)

Flowing-water ecosystems

rivers, streams, creeks & brooks

Flowing-water ecosystems

animals & plants have to be adapted to flowing water

Standing-water ecosystems

lakes & ponds

Standing-water ecosystems

contain phytoplankton & zooplankton

Zooplankton

animal-like (heterotrophic)

Phytoplankton

plant-like (autotrophic)

soil; year

Standing water covers the ______ for all or part of the ______.

fresh-water wetlands

often formed from "kettle holes" by glaciers; water is acidic

fresh-water wetlands

marsh vegetation includes cattails, sedges & rushesl diverse wildlife (birds, fish, insects)

Swamps have trees & shrubs, while a marsh does not.

How can you distinguish a swamp from a marsh?

esturaries

mixture of fresh & saltwater

Esturaries

Wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea

organic; detritus; salt tolerant consumers

In estuaries, most _______ material enters as ______, which is fed upon by ____ _____ ______.

clams
worms
sponges

What are three salt tolerant consumers?

salt marshs

Chesapeake Bay (Maryland)

Mangrove swamps

Coast of Florida/Hawaii

zones; light

Marine ecosystems are divided into ______, which is based on _______.

photic zone

less than 200 M, lighted region

aphotic zone

more than 200 M, dark region

intertidal zone

competitions here lead to the layering of organisms (zonation)

Coastal zone

kelp (algae) forests; supports much diversity of life

coral reefs

supports large communities of many diverse organisms - zooanthellae

oceanic zone

Known as the open ocean, low level of nutrients, many fish

Benthic zone

ocean floor; contains mostly scavengers & detritus feeders

biotic factor

all of the biological influences on an organism

abiotic factor

all of the physical components of an ecosystem

detritus particles

Small pieces of dead and decaying plant and animal remains

Global climate is shaped by many factors included solar energy trapped in the biosphere, latitude, and the transport of heat by winds and ocean currents

What factors determine global climate?

Unequal distribution of heat across the globe

What creates wind and water currents?

Temperate; polar; solar energy; axis; tilted

______ & _____ zones receive very different amounts of ________ _______ at different times of the year because Earth's _________ is _______.

lower; shorter; less intense

During the winter in the temperate and polar zones, the sun is much ______ in the sky, days are ______, and solar energy is ______ ________.

niche; physical; biological

A ___ is a range of ______ & _______ conditions in which a species live and the way species obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce.

Abiotic factors like climate & soil type, and biotic factors like plant and animal life.

Biomes are described in terms of what?

By causing species to divide resources, competition helps determine the number and kinds of species in a community and the niche each species occupies.

How does competition shape communities?

Ecosystems change over time, especially after disturbances, as some species die out and new species move in.

How do ecosystems change over time?

Ecological succession

A series of more-or-less predictable changes that occur in a community over time.

Logging & farming

Succession can follow human activities like what?

vegatation

In secondary succession, new and surviving ______ can regrow rapidly.

seeds; germinate

Although forest fires kill some trees, other trees are spared, and fire can stimulate their _______ to ______.

environment; easier; resources

One model of succession suggests that as one species alters it _________, other species find it ______ to compete for ______ and survive.

environment

Every organism changes the ________ it lives in.

organic; colonize; grow

As lichens add ________ matter and form soil, mosses and other plans can _____ and ______.

organic matter; move in; environment

As ______ _____ continues to accumulate, other species ______ _____ and change the _____ further.

shade; cooler; species; niches

As trees grow, their branches and leaves produce ______ and ______ temperatures nearer the ground. Over time, more and more _______ can find suitable ________ and survive.

Lichens; lichens; nitrogen; organisms; rock; organic; soil

______ has a mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus and an alga. Over time, ________convert or fix atmospheric ________ into useful forms for other ______, break down ______ and add _______ material to form _______.

microclimates

Environmental conditions vary over small distance, creating _________. In the Northern Hemisphere, south facing sides of trees and building receive more sunlight, and are often warmer and drier, than north-facing sides.

Secondary succession in healthy ecosystems following natural disturbances often reproduces the original climax community.

Do ecosystems return to "normal" following a disturbance?

human; disturbances

Ecosystems may or may not recover from extensive _____-caused ________.