BIO160 Chapter 9: Articular Cartilage.pdf

Articulation

An area where two or more bones meet, or where bone and cartilage, or bone and teeth meet.

Joint Classification

Joints are classified structurally or functionally.

Fibrous Joint

Joints held together by dense connective tissue; no synovial cavity.

Cartilaginous Joint

Joints held together by cartilage; no synovial cavity.

Synovial Joint

Joints held together by dense connective tissue of an articular capsule and possess a synovial cavity.

Synarthrosis

Functionally classified joint that is immovable.

Amphiarthrosis

Functionally classified joint that is slightly movable.

Diarthrosis

Functionally classified joint that is freely movable.

Suture Joint

A fibrous joint functionally classified as synarthroses in adults.

Syndesmosis Joint

A fibrous joint functionally classified as amphiarthroses except for gomphoses of teeth.

Interosseous Membrane

A fibrous joint that is functionally classified as amphiarthroses.

Synchondrosis Joint

A cartilaginous joint functionally classified as synarthroses.

Symphysis Joint

A cartilaginous joint functionally classified as amphiarthroses.

Articular Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage that reduces friction between articulating bones.

Articular Capsule

Dense connective tissue that surrounds a synovial joint.

Synovial Fluid

Fluid in the synovial cavity that lubricates joints and nourishes avascular cartilage.

Bursae

Fluid-filled sacs that cushion adjacent body parts and alleviate friction.

Tendon Sheaths

Structures that surround tendons and reduce friction at joints.

Gliding Movements

Movements where flat bone surfaces slide against each other.

Angular Movements

Movements that involve increasing or decreasing the angle between articulating bones.

Flexion

A decrease in the angle between articulating bones.

Extension

An increase in the angle between articulating bones.

Lateral Flexion

Flexion along the frontal plane of the body.

Hyperextension

Extension beyond the anatomical position.

Abduction

Movement of a bone away from the midline.

Adduction

Movement of a bone toward the midline.

Circumduction

Movement of the distal end of a body part in a circular motion.

Medial Rotation

Rotating the anterior surface of a limb toward the midline.

Lateral Rotation

Rotating the anterior surface of a limb away from the midline.

Elevation

Movement in a superior direction.

Depression

Movement in an inferior direction.

Protraction

Movement of a body part anteriorly.

Retraction

Movement of a body part posteriorly.

Inversion

Movement of the soles of the feet medially.

Eversion

Movement of the soles of the feet laterally.

Dorsiflexion

Bending the foot at the ankle in a superior direction.

Plantar Flexion

Bending the foot at the ankle in an inferior direction.

Supination

Turning the palm to face anteriorly.

Pronation

Turning the palm to face posteriorly.

Opposition

Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips.

Plane Joint

Joint where articulating surfaces are flat allowing gliding movements.

Hinge Joint

Joint where a convex surface fits into a concave surface allowing flexion and extension.

Pivot Joint

Joint where a round surface fits into a ring formed by another bone and a ligament, allowing rotational movement.

Condyloid Joint

Joint where an oval projection fits into an oval cavity allowing various movement types.

Saddle Joint

Joint shaped like a saddle allowing movement in two planes, like the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Joint where a ball-shaped surface fits into a cuplike depression allowing multidirectional movement.

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint through their tendons.

Menisci

Crescent-shaped fibrocartilage structures that provide cushioning in joints.

Articular Capsule

The fibrous surround of a synovial joint that helps maintain stability.

Glenoid Cavity

The shallow socket in the shoulder joint that holds the head of the humerus.

Trochlea

The pulley-shaped surface of the humerus that fits into the ulna at the elbow.

Acetabulum

The deep socket of the hip joint that accommodates the head of the femur.

Knee Joint

The largest and most complex joint in the body allowing for flexion, extension, and slight rotation.

Articular Capsule of the Knee

Weak and incomplete, strengthened by surrounding ligaments.

Tibial and Fibular Collateral Ligaments

Ligaments that provide stability to the knee joint.

Adaptive Structures in Synovial Joints

Features like ligaments, bursae, and menisci that enhance joint stability and function.

Elbow Joint

A hinge joint allowing flexion and extension of the forearm.