Physical Science - Exam Review

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79 Terms

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Frame of Reference

a system for specifying the precise location of objects in space and time

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Motion

an object's change in position relative to a reference point

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distance

measures the path taken (total)

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displacement

measures the change in position (includes direction)

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speed

how fast an object moves (scaler)

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velocity

both the speed and the direction an object moves (vector)

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calculating speed

distance/time

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calculating velocity

displacement/time

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speed graph

distance vs. time

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Instantaneous Speed

speed at a given time and position

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Slope (Speed)

change in distance/change in time

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acceleration

the rate at which velocity changes over time

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speeds up, slows down, changes direction

acceleration is when an object _ (3 things)

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acceleration =

change in velocity/time

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centripetal acceleration

The acceleration that occurs in a circular motion is known as _. (2 words)

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average acceleration =

final velocity-initial velocity/time

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acceleration graph

speed vs. time

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Newton's First Law

objects change their state of motion only when a net force is applied

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Net force

total amount of force

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mass

Inertia is related to an object's _.

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Inertia

the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion unless an outside force acts on the object

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Newton's Second Law

Net force is equal to mass times acceleration. The unbalanced force on an object determines how much an object speeds up or slows down.

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F =

ma

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W =

mg

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Weight

a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an objects

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Fg =

G (m1*m2/d squared)

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Free fall

the motion of a body when only the force of gravity is acting on the body

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Terminal Velocity

the constant velocity of a falling object when the force of air resistance is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force of gravity

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Projectile Motion

the curved path that an object follows when thrown, launched, or otherwise projected near the surface of Earth

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horizontal & vertical

Projectile motion has two components --

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Newton's Third Law

For every action, there's an equal and opposite reaction

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Momentum (p) =

m*v

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Momentum

quantity defined as the product of the mass & velocity of an object

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kg * m/s

Unit for momentum

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Law of Conservation of Momentum

The total momentum of two or more objects after a collision is the same as it was before the collision.

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Conservation of Momentum Formula

(m1v1) + (m2v2) = (m1bv1b) + (m2bv2b)

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Work

the transfer of energy to an object by the application of a force that causes the object to move in the direction of the force

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Work =

f*d

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Joules

units for work

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Power

the rate at which word is done, or how much work si done in a given amount of time

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Power =

work/time

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Watts

unit for power

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Mechanical Advantage

a quantity that expresses how much a machine multiplies force or distance

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Mechanical Advantage =

output force/input force; input distance/output distance

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Lever & Inclined Plane

Two families of simple machines: & _

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Lever family

simple lever, pulley, wheel & axle

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Inclined Plane family

simple inclined plane (ramp), wedge, screw

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energy

the capacity to do work

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joules

unit for energy

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Potential energy

the energy that an object has because of the position, shape, or condition of the object

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elastic potential energy

Any object that is stretched or compressed to increase or decrease the distance between its parts has .

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gravitational potential energy

Any system of two or more objects separated by a vertical distance has ___.

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Grav. PE =

mgh

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Kinetic energy

the energy of an object due to the object's motion

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KE =

m/2 * v squared

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Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy in the world never changes, although energy may change from one form to another.

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mechanical energy

the amount of work an object can do because of the object's kinetic & potential energies

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temperature

a measure of how hot (or cold) something is

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thermometer

an instrument that measures and indicates temperature

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Fahrenheit, Celsius, & Kelvin

The three main temperature scales:

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Fahrenheit Boiling Temp.

212 degrees F

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Fahrenheit Freezing Temp.

32 degrees F

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Celsius Boiling Temp.

100 degrees C

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Celsius Freezing Temp.

0 degrees C

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Celsius to Fahrenheit Formula

1.8 * Tc + 32

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Fahrenheit to Celsius Formula

Tf - 32/1.8

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Celsius to Kelvin Formula

Tc + 273

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Kelvin to Celsius Formula

Tk - 273

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Absolute Zero

the temperature at which molecular energy is at a minimum

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Heat

the energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures

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Conduction, Convection, & Radiation

What are the three ways that energy transfers?

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thermal conduction

the transfer of energy as heat through a material

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convection

the movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations

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convection current

any movement of matter that results from differences in density; may be vertical, circular, or cyclical

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radiation

the energy that is transferred as electromagnetic waves, such as visible light and infrared waves

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conductor

a material through which energy can be easily transferred as heat

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insulator

a material that transfers energy poorly

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specific heat

the quantity of heat required to raise a unit mass of homogenous material 1K or 1*C in a specified way given constant pressure and volume

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energy = mcAt

specific heat equation