BIO 3RD QTR 6.1 Molecules of Life

matter

• anything that occupies space and has mass

• all living organisms are made up of __

solid, liquid, gas, plasma

4 physical states of matter

atomic mass & number

__ differentiate elements from each other and identify chemical properties

outer shell

what is highly reactive

elements

substances that cant be broken down any further

25

how many elements are essential to life

trace elements

elements that don’t occur in large quantities

• carbon

• hydrogen

• oxygen

• nitrogen

• phosphorus

• sulfur

• calcium

7 major elements that make 98-99% of the weight of all living systems

carbon

main composition of organic compounds (CHONPSCa)

hydrogen

major source of fuel in production of energy (CHONPSCa)

oxygen

essential part of water molecule and organic compounds (CHONPSCa)

nitrogen

key element in proteins (CHONPSCa)

phosphorus

major component of nucleic acids and energy-rich compounds (CHONPSCa)

sulfur

part of some amino acids and vitamins (CHONPSCa)

calcium

major component of bones and acts as biological signals in the body (CHONPSCa)

• sodium

• potassium

• iodine

• molybdenum

• magnesium

• iron

• zinc

• cobalt

• chlorine

• silicon

• fluorine

• boron

6 trace elements (NaKIMdMgFe)

iron

needed for the transport of oxygen

essential for cells to break down sugar for usable energy

sodium and potassium

essential for nerve function

iodine

acts as a thermostat to regulate body temperature

molybdenum

needed by plants to incorporate nitrogen into a biologically useful substance

magnesium

important component of bones, teeth, and chlorophyll

iron

carrier of oxygen in the blood

micronutrient deficiency

what would happen if lack important trace elements in body

66

how many perfect of oxygen in body

atom

Dalton said each element is composed of identical particles called __, coming from Greek “atomos” —indivisible

element

pure substance made up of only one type of atom

chemical bonds

• when atoms combine to fill their outermost electron orbit, they form __

• attractive forces that appear to be like an energy glue to achieve stability

ionic, covalent, hydrogen

3 kinds of bonds

ionic bond

• between ions of opposite charges

• transfer/gaining/losing of electrons

covalent bond

• share of electrons

• strongest bond of all

electronegativity

attraction between shared electrons where there is a constant tug of war

higher

the __ electronegativity, the stronger pull to nucleus

nonpolar molecules

equal sharing of electrons between atoms

polar covalent molecule

atoms with different electronegativities have unequal sharing of electrons

compounds

atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded and cannot be separated easily

inorganic compounds

without carbon like water and salt

organic compounds

with carbon like carbohydrates, proteins

hydrogen bonds

weak covalent bonds between a hydrogen atom and another

hydrogen, carbon, oxygen

elements present in organic compounds