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who came up with the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
dollard et al.
what does the frustration-aggression hypothesis say?
frustration always leads to aggression
aggression is always the consequence of frustration
what does the hypothesis say frustration is caused by?
the prevention of achieving ones goals
what does the hypothesis describe aggression as?
an innate drive that builds up and needs to be released
what is it known as when we release aggression?
catharsis
how does the model say we feel after releasing aggression?
we feel better having gotten it off our chest
what is displacement?
when aggression is not expressed directly against the source of frustration
why might displacement happen?
the frustrating situation is abstract (e.g. economic situation, government, music, industry, etc.)
too powerful - risk of punishment
not available at the time
who was the sample in green (1968) study?
male university students
what were the conditions of green’s (1968) study into the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
Ps have task of completing a jigsaw puzzle
condition 1: the puzzle was impossible to solve
condition 2: ran out of time due to interruptions by a confederate
condition 3: confederate frequently insulted them
what were the findings of green’s (1968) study?
when given an opportunity to shock the confederates:
those who insulted Ps received highest shocks
followed by those who interrupted
then those who administered the impossible task
all frustrated Ps gave more intense shocks than a control group
what additional element does berkowitz add to dollard’s frustration-aggression hypothesis?
frustration creates a readiness for aggression but it is the presence of aggressive environmental cues that makes this behaviour more likely
how does berkowitz’s additional element to dollard’s model limit it?
contradicts dollard’s original model that states that frustration always leads to aggression
what were the findings of berkowitz and lepage’s (1967) study in support of berkowitz’s additional element to dollard’s orginal model?
students given electric shocks to frustrate them
students more likely to shock the person who shocked them if weapons were present = weapons effect
supports idea that aggressive environmental cues increase aggression
what was berkowitz’s reformulated hypothesis called?
the negative affect theory
what does berkowitz’s negative affect theory state?
frustration is one of many unpleasant experiences that aggression - others including pain, jealousy, loneliness
the outcome of frustration can be a range of responses
aggressive behaviour is triggered by negative feelings - not frustration specifically
how does the social learning theory provide an alternative explanation for the causes of aggressive behaviour?
aggression is not an automatic consequence of frustration → depends on whether someone has seen it being reinforced
they learn to produce aggression under specific circumstances
