Taxonomy - Eukaryotes: Part I

4 kingdoms in Eukarya

• protista

• fungi

• plantae

• anamalia

Protista

• eukaryotics

• unicellular (microscopic) - some are multicellular

• auto and heterotrophs

• can have symbiotic relationships - however they can be free-living

• all types live in moist environments

types of protista

• plant-like protists

• animal-like protists

• fungus-like protists

Plant-like protists

Aquatic photosynthetic autotrophs

• chloroplasts

• differ from plants because they do not have leaves, roots, stems

• critical primary producers in food webs

dinoflagellates

• unicellular plant like protist

• TWO flagella

• causes red tide

• parasitic - considered both heterotrophic and autotrophic

Eugelnoids

• flagellate (have flagella used for movement)

• unicellular plant-like protists that clump together

• some or photosynthetic - others feed via phagocytosis and diffusion

• live primarily in fresh environments

• covered in a pellicle rather than a cell wall - protein strips beneath the cell membrane

Diatoms

• type of algae

• single celled plant-like protists that clump togehter

• photosynthetic

• live in both fresh and marine environments

• classified based on shape, centric or pennate

What is algae

• informal taxonomic group

• aquatic environments

• uni or multipcellular

• photosynthetic (chlorophyll pigments)

• no plant tissues like leaves, roots, or stems

Brown Algae

not under the kingdom protista but are good to know for the DAT

• large, macroscopic organisms

• all multicellular

• marine environments

chlorophyta

phylum of “green algae”

• both unicellular and multicellular algae

• protista

Rhodophyta

phylum of “red algae”

• multicellular algae

• have red pigments

• no flagella

• protista

fungus-like protists

• referred to as “slime molds’ or “water molds”

• contrary to their name, NO chitin present unlike Kingdome FUNGI

• reproduce by spores, just like fungi

• heterotrohic

• decomposers, saprobes

Animal-like protists (PROTOZOA)

• ALL single celled

• motila - cilia or flagella

• heterotrophic

• phagocytosis - feed on algae, fungi, and bacteria

Foraminifera (forearms)

• produce a test (shell)

• found on the sea bottom (benthic) or near the surface (planktonic)

paramecium

• unicellular ciliate

• use cilia to move

amoeboid

pseudopodia - move by utilizing their cytoplasm

Apicomplexans

parasites of animals

plasmodium

animal-like protists that causes malaria

Fungi

• mushrooms, mold, yeasts

• uni or multicellular

• chitin

• ALL heterotrophic

• ALL saprophytes

• hypha

two types of fungi need to know

• unitcellular: non-filamentous

• multicellular: filamentous

Non-filamentous fungi

• yeasts

• facultatively anaerobic

• unicellular

• asexual reproduction by budding

budding

• think mitosis

• replicate genetic material and pinch off a portion of cytoplasm and cell membrane to form a new cell

filamentous fungi

• molds (don’t mix up with slime molds)

• multicellular

• sexual reproduction

• aerobic

• mycelium

Mycelium

• network of hyphae (roots) that connect fungi together

• mushrooms arise from it

two types of mycelium

• coenocytic hyphae

• septate hyphae

Coenocytic hyphae

• no division of hyphae (no cytokinesis during cell division)

• multinucleated

Septate hyphae

• have septa

• cell walls that separate hyphae

Haustoria

specialized hyphae that penetrate cell walls of an organism (parasitic)

Reproduction of filamentous fungi

can undergo asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction of Filamentous fungi

• Plasmogamy - hyphae of two different fingu grow towards each other and fuse their cytoplasms togehter

• Karyogamy - their nuclei fuse to make a diploid organism

• Meiosis - haploid spores, grow into new organisms

Asexual reproduction of filamentous fungi

budding

• Spores - disperse through the wind and water

• fragmentation - breaking off of hyphae

Why do fungi reproduce sexually?

for genetic variation to increase liklihood of future generations surviving/ making them more fit

-mycota

dealing with

• zygomyota

• glomeromycota

• basidomycota

• deuteromycota

• ascomycota

Lichens

mutalistic elationship of fungi and algae

• algae provides sugar via photosynthesis

• fungi protects the alge

Mycorrhiza

mutualistic relationship between fungi and roots of platns

Plantae

• multicellular

• autotrophic

• photosynthetic pigments

• cellulose

• both asexual and sexual reproduction

• undergo alternation of generations

• 90% have mutualistic relationships with bacteria or fungi

Gametophyte is ….

1 n stage

sporophyte stage is….

2n stage

plant body

whether the plant thas differentiated body parts or not

vascular system

ask whether or not the plant has a vascular system

seed formation

whether the plant bears seeds or not

flowers

whether the plant produces flowers or not

Thallophyte

• think algae

• simplest form of plant

• lack a differentiated body structure

• no specialized vascular system, root, leaves

• aquatic

Wait, what is algae again?

• plants

• protists (plant-like protists)

• bacteria (blue-green algae)

• informal taxonomic group

• aquatic environment

• uni or multicellular

• photosynthetic

• no plant tissue

What are you if you have differentiated body parts (plant)?

bryophytes and tracheophytes

bryophyte

• differentiated body parts

• no vascular system - for transportation of substances

• do not grow vertically - have rhizoids that absorb water

• found in both land and aquatic habitats

• mosses, liverworts, horworts

• dominant gametophyte (haploid (n)) stage

tracheophytes

• differentiated plant body

• has vascular system - grow vertically and tall - xylem and phloem

• xylem: transports only minerals and water from the roots (bottom)

• phloem: transports the food produced from photosynthesis

• Dominant sporophyte ((2n) diploid) stage

Two groups of tracheophytes

• seedless tracheophyte

• seed-bearing tracheophytes

seedless tracheophytes

• horsetail

• fern

• club moss

types of seed bearing tracheophytes

• gymnosperms

• angiosperms

gymnosperms

• no flowers

• bear naked seeds

• no fruit

• dominant sporophyte ((2n) diploid stage)

• ex. conifer

angiosperms

• bear seeds inside fruits

• produces flowers

• around 90% of plants

• can undergo double-fertilization

double-fertilization

one male gamete (1n) fuses with the female egg gamete (1n) to form an embryo (2n) and another male gamete fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm

2 groups of angiosperms

• monocotyledon (monocots)

• dicotyledons (dicots)

Monocots

• one cotyledon

• parallel veins

• scattered vascular

• flower parts in multiples of 3

diocots

• two cotyledons

• net-like veins

• ringed vascular

• flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5

characteristics of animalia

• multicellular

• heterotrophic

• motile during some part of their life

• no cell wall

• 2 or 3 tissue layers form during embryonic development

10 animalia phyla

• porifera

• nidaria

• plathyhelminthes

• nematoda

• rotifera

• annelida

• mossusca

• arthropoda

• echinodermata

• chordata

Ways to distinguish

• body symmetry

• tissues and germ layers

• coelom

• embryonic development

• digestive tract

Bilateral symmetry

• sagittal plane divides body into left and right halves

• head and tail

• cephalization

cephalizaion

collection of nervous tissue in the front of an animal (brain)

Radial symmetry

• circular arrangement around a central axis

• oral side and aboral side (w/o a mouth)

Asymmetry

no symmetry

some animals show different body plans…

at different stages in their development

Parazoa

• lack tissues

• no complex design

• no specialized organs

• only one phylum: Porifera (sponges)

Metazoa (Eumetazoa)

• have tissues

• complex

• specialized organs

• everything besides sponges

Germ Layers

separation of tissues during embryonic development of an animal

Diploblasts

two germ layers

• endoderm (inner)

• ectoderm (outer)

Triploblasts

three germ layers

• endoderm (inner)

• mesoderm (middle)

• ectoderm (outer)

All bilateral animals…

are triploblastic

All radial symmetrical animals…

are diploblastic

Coelom

body cavity located between the meso and endoderm

Acoelomate

no coelom located in the body

Coelomate (eucoelomate)

coelom completely surrounded by mesoderm

Pseudocoelomate

coelum not completely surrounded by mesoderm

Zygote

fertilized egg cell

Morula

ball of cells

Blastula

hollow ball of cells

Gastrula

invagination to make the gut tract

Blastopore

the invagination point

protostome

if blastopore becomes the mouth

deuterostome

if blastopore becomes the anus

Triploblastic coelomates

either be a protostome or deuterostome

Protostome cleaveage

spiral cleavage

deuterostome cleavage

radial cleavage

Incomplete digestive tract (two-way)

• only a single opening for food

• no anus

• food digested in a gastrovascular cavity

Complete digestive tract (one-way)

• mouth and anus

• alimentary canal

Asexual reproduction

offspring are produced by one parent

budding

parent cell produces a bud, bud will detach and develop into a new individual

fragmentation

parent breaks off a fragment of it’s body, each fragment will grow into a new individual

parthenogenesis

egg develops into a new individual without fertilization

sexual reproduction

fusion of sex gametes from two parents (egg and sperm)

external sexual reproduction

gametes are released into external environment

internal sexual reproduction

gametes are deposited inside an organism

monoecious (hermaphroditism) reproduction

individuals have both male and female reproductive organs

dioecious

individuals are males or females and produce one type of gamete