AP Psych Unit 2

what is consciousness

The awareness of ourselves and our environment

What is an altered state?

When you are fully conscious in a clinical sense, but in a variated state

the effects of depressants

slow neural functions

suppress the body

mellow

NOT increase heart rate

Functions of stimulants

mood changes

self-confidence

excite neural functions

speed up body functions

does NOT distort your senses

The divided consciousness theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis involves:

dissociation

What does hypnosis not include?

Doing things against your will

Social Influence theory

people do and report what's expected of them

Included in the definition of tolerance

1. larger doses have the same effect

2. diminishing effects of a drug

3. user takes larger doses

4. regular use of a drug

addition DOES NOT lead to higher tolerance

Those who argue the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue in favor of:

Hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects

Just prior to awakening Charles from a hypnotic state, the therapist told him that he would no longer have a fear of heights. Charles' therapist was attempting to make use of:

Post-Hypnotic suggestion

Which of the following claims about hypnosis has been supported by research and data?

1. People who are hypnotized are more capable of physical feats of strength than then not hypnotized.

2. under hypnosis, some people are able to tolerate painful dental and medical procedures

3. with post-hypnotic suggestions, clients are much more successful in their attempts to rid themselves of their narcotic addictions

4. people can be forced to commit actions against their own will

5. hypnosis can be used to "age-regress" clients in order to reveal accurate memories from childhoo

2. Under hypnosis, some people are able to tolerate painful dental and medical procedures.

What is the term used to describe the brain's adaption to a drug's chemistry, requiring larger and larger doses to experience the same effect?

Tolerance

What are drugs such as alcohol and barbiturates that calm neural activity and slow body functions called?

depressants

Several of Rebecca's friends suspect that she is using some kind of drug. Rebecca has lost a lot of weight, stays awake for long periods of time, and is often nervous, jittery, and even a little paranoid. Rebecca is most likely using which drug: LSD, marijuana, an amphetamine, alcohol, or benzodiazepine

an amphetamine

What are two key signs of physical dependence

physiological cravings and withdrawal.

how does cocaine produce a rush of euphoria?

By blocking the reuptake of dopamine

Who thought of consciousness as a stream of consciousness?

William James

which of the following involves structural imaging:

fMRI, PET, EEG, MRI

MRI

What type of brain imaging would be best to observe specific mental functions by studying electromagnetic or metabolic activity in the brain, like blood flow?

Functional imaging (PET, fMRI)

Correlation does not equal

Causation

the idea that there are two tracks of consciousness, one processing info consciously and non consciously is called :

dual processing

due to ______ attention, your attention focuses on a single stimuli or group of stimuli like a spotlight

selective

The movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce an

action potential

The increased connections that form between two neurons which include the growth of a new axon terminal and dendrite receptor cites, seems to be the foundation for the biological mechanism of memory. This is

Long term potential

All or none response patter is characteristic of the

initiation of neural impulses

An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to

depression

An axon is

the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body

Jose has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of

Endorphins

Based upon how our brain functions using neurons and neurotransmitters, it seems most declarative memories (like episodic or semantic) are "encoded" how

The information of a memory is stored in a pattern of neuronal firing, and the pattern of memory

If the sodium and potassium channels in the outer membrane of a neuron were blocked, what would be the consequence?

Many chemicals would not be able to move in and out of the neuron, disrupting communication

Doris's heart suddenly races as a speeding car nearly collides with hers on the highway. Which neurotransmitter is playing a role in this response?

Epinephrine

The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n)

myelin sheath

the minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the

threshold

The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called

neurotransmitters

Melanie, a graduate student working in a neuroscience lab, grows neurons in a petri dish to study the effects of environmental toxins on neuronal communication. During one of Melanie's experiments, she accidentally damages the axon of a neuron. What will be an immediate consequence of this mishap?

The neuron will not be able to transmit information to other cells

The arrival of an ___ causes synaptic vessels to be released from their protein anchors, fuse with the cell membrane, and release ____ into the synaptic cleft

Action potential, neurotransmitters

The __ is a structure that is part of the brainstem and is involved in maintaining balance and motor coordination. This is one of the first structures of the brain to be imported by alchohol

Cerebellum

___ is a neurotransmitter that is found at the neurotransmitter junction, in the autonomic nervous system, and in the central nervous system

Acetylcholine

What distinguishes a neuron from most other cell types?

It has specialized functions for sending and receiving messages

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates

Proactive interference

A psychotherapist is most likely to use the DSM 5 in order to

Diagnose various psychological disorders

Marguerite, a first-year doctoral student, scrutinizes the neural tissue that she prepared for study under her microscope. She knows from experience that the areas that look gray have a high density of cell bodies, while the areas that look white consist of large bundles of myelinated ____.

Axons

What would be the consequence of destroying the corpus callosum

The left and right central hemispheres would not be able to effectively communicate

The ___ is a subcortical structure that participates in the regulation of thirst, temperature, hunger, sexual behavior, and agression

Hypothalamus

Mark believes that people are genetically predisposed to dislike bitter-tasting foods because this has enhanced human survival. His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.

evolutionary

Under the spreading activation model, which of the following concepts or properties would have the weakest connection with the word "rose" for most people?

Aunt

A rare health condition caused damage to the amygdala on both sides of Nina's brain. She is now more likely than most people to:

a) Have trouble balancing and coordinating movement

b) have problem sleeping

c) eat excessively

d) try skydiving

e) have difficulty remembering

d) try skydiving

Christopher suffered a traumatic brain injury in an automobile accident. Since the accident, he has great difficulty in forming new memories but remembers his childhood well, which suggests that his ____ was damaged.

hippocampus

The ___ lies above the medulla and contains structures involved with the management of

pons; sleep arousal and facial expressions

A well-known local herbalist sells the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as "the body's natural tranquilizer," stating that it helps to calm the central nervous system and prevent anxiety and stress-related messages from reaching the motor centers of the brain. This portrayal reflects GABA's ____.

Inhibitory effect on brain activity

Sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan?

EEG

Which of the following is an example of the autonomic nervous system at work?

a) Rachel's fingers flick back and forth when she watches her daughter make an exciting play during a soccer game

b) Johnny furiously plays the fiddle in a battle for his soul against the devil

c) peter struggles to scratch

d) manoj enjoys listening to bird songs early in the morning

e) Gina salivates at the smell of fresh bread baking in her grandmothers kitchen

e) gina salivates at the smell of fresh bread baking in her grandmothers kitchen

the capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged area is known as

plasticity

After Miguel's recent automobile accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Broca's area. It is likely that Miguel will have difficulty

Speaking fluently

The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionary oldest to newest is

brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex

police officer amy randall suspects the driver in front of her is driving under the influence of alcohol. she pulls the driver over and administers a field sobriety test. she asks the driver to stand on one leg so that she can evaluate the driver's balance. this test is performed because the ___ is one of the first structures in the brain to be affected by alcohol

cerebellum

Your ability to experience the physical pleasure of a hot shower is most likely to be disrupted by damage to your

thalamus

A drug that blocks the reuptake of a particular neurotransmitter is called a(n)

agonist

The master gland of the endocrine system is the _________ gland.

pituitary

You come home one night to find a burglar in your house. Your heart starts racing and you begin to perspire. These physical reactions are triggered by the

sympathetic nervous system

Junko's grandmother survived a stroke but is paralyzed on her left side. She has likely suffered damage to her ____.

right hempisphere

the surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of:

visual perception

The central nervous system is the _____; the peripheral nervous system _____________

command center; carries out the commands

What is an accurate statement regarding interneurons found in the central nervous system?

They form bridges between sensory and motor neurons

The major characteristic of dissociative disorders is a disturbance of

memory

A brain tumor caused extensive damage to Mr. Thorndike's hypothalamus. It is most likely that he may suffer a loss of

sexual motivation

What part of your brain receives info as to whether you are moving your legs

motor cortex

Christopher was thrown from a horse and is no longer able to breath on his own. It is most likely that Christopher has suffered damage to which structure of the brain?

Medulla

If you stub your toe on the dresser while getting up in the morning, ___ must first relay messages from your toe to your central nervous system

Afferent neurons

Agonist

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response

Antagonist

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response

efferent neurons

Nerve cells that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system

afferent neurons

Nerve cells that carry impulses towards the central nervous system

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

Medulla

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

Pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

Potentiation

A temporary increase in some dimension or intensity of a reflex response due to repeated presentations of an eliciting stimulus.

Reuptake

process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles

Synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

myelin sheath

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

Dendrite

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

MRI

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

EEG (electroencephalogram)

shows brain's electrical activity by positioning electrodes over the scalp

CAT scan

a method of creating static images of the brain through computerized axial tomography

fMRI (functional MRI)

A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.

excitatory signals

depolarize the cell membrane, increasing the likelihood that the neuron will fire

inhibitory signals

hyperpolarize the cell, decreasing the likelihood that the neuron will fire

Serotonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

GABA

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation

GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder)

A psychological disorder characterized by tension or anxiety much of the time about many issues, but without the presence of panic attacks.

stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream

REM

Night terrors/sleepwalking occur in

NREM 3, not considered dreaming

Amygdala

A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.

Hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

Broca's area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.