Set 6: Native American Civilizations, Maritime Empires, Challenges to State Power

Atlantic Slave Trade

The transatlantic transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries.

African Diaspora

The dispersion of Africans across the globe, particularly as a result of the slave trade.

Chattel Slavery

A form of slavery where individuals are treated as personal property that can be bought and sold.

Middle Passage

The sea route taken by slave ships from West Africa to the Americas.

Encomienda

A Spanish labor system that granted colonists the right to demand tribute and forced labor from indigenous peoples.

Haciendas

Large estates or plantations in Spanish America that produced agricultural goods.

Casta System

A hierarchical system of racial classification in colonial Spanish America.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born individuals residing in the colonies, often holding the highest social and political positions.

Potosi

A city in Bolivia known for its rich silver mines, which were a major source of wealth for the Spanish Empire.

Seven Years War

A global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763, mainly Europe and Americas

American Revolution

The conflict between the thirteen American colonies and Great Britain from 1775 to 1783, leading to independence.

Loyalists

Colonists who remained loyal to the British crown during the American Revolution.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing newly discovered lands outside Europe.

Dutch in Japan

Refers to the limited trade relations established between the Dutch and Japan during the Edo period.

Ferdinand Magellan

A Portuguese explorer known for leading the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe.

Circumnavigate

To travel completely around something, especially the Earth.

Conversion of Philippines

The process of converting the indigenous population of the Philippines to Christianity, primarily by Spanish missionaries.

Catholicism in the New World

The spread and establishment of the Catholic Church and its practices in the Americas following European colonization.

Sinking of the Spanish Armada

The defeat of the Spanish fleet in 1588, marking a turning point in naval power in favor of England.

Joint-Stock Company

A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders, facilitating colonial ventures.

Dutch East India Company

A chartered company established by the Netherlands to carry out trade in the East Indies.

East Indies

A term historically used to refer to the islands of Southeast Asia, particularly for trade purposes.

Banda Islands

An archipelago in Indonesia known for its nutmeg production during the spice trade.

Spice Monopoly

The control of the spice trade by a single entity or nation, often leading to economic dominance.

British East India Company

A joint-stock company that played a significant role in the trade and colonization of India.

Royal Absolutism

A political doctrine where a monarch holds supreme authority, often justified by divine right.

Divine Right of Kings

The doctrine that kings derive their authority from God, not from their subjects.

Magna Carta

A charter signed in 1215 that limited the powers of the English monarch and laid the foundation for modern democracy.

Queen Nzinga of Ndongo

A 17th-century queen known for her resistance against Portuguese colonialism in Angola.

Maroon Wars

Conflicts between colonial powers and escaped enslaved people who formed independent communities.

Pugachev Rebellion

An uprising in Russia during the 18th century led by Yemelyan Pugachev against the nobility.

King Philip's War

A conflict between Native American inhabitants of New England and English colonists from 1675 to 1678.

Fronde

A series of civil wars in France during the mid-17th century against royal authority.

King Louis XIV (Sun King)

The French monarch known for his absolute rule and the establishment of a centralized state.

Versailles

A royal residence built by King Louis XIV, symbolizing the absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime.

Renaissance

A cultural movement in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century marked by a revival of classical learning and art.

Medici Family

A powerful banking family in Florence that played a significant role in the patronage of the arts during the Renaissance.

Scientific Revolution

A period of significant advancements in scientific thought and methodology from the 16th to the 18th century.

Sir Isaac Newton

An English mathematician and physicist known for formulating the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century that led to the establishment of Protestant churches and reform of the Catholic Church.

Catholic Counter-Reformation

The period of Catholic revival initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reforming the Church.

Jesuits

A religious order of the Catholic Church founded to spread the faith and engage in education and missionary work.

English Civil War

A series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists in England from 1642 to 1651.

Glorious Revolution

The overthrow of King James II of England in 1688, leading to the establishment of constitutional monarchy.

English Bill of Rights

An act passed in 1689 that limited the powers of the monarchy and outlined the rights of Parliament and individuals.

Constitutional Monarchy

A system of government in which a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government.

Limited Government

A political system where the powers of government are restricted by law, typically through a constitution.