Unit 7 Nationalism and Imperialism

Charles Darwin

He was a naturalist who said that all species came from pre-existing species, Theory of Evolution. 1809-1882. This changed how many people thought of science and religion/life.

Giuseppe Mazzini

He was an Italian politician, known as the "beating heart of Italy". He worked to unify, and succeeded in unifying Italy. He helped shape popular democracy in republics. 1805-1872 He unified Italy.

Count Cavour

He was a leading part of the unification of Italy. He founded the original Liberal Party and was Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia. He was Italy's first Prime Minister. 1810-1861. He was prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia and then Italy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

He was an Italian general and politician. He was one of the leaders of unification in Italy. He personally fought and commanded many of the battles that led to Italy's unification. 1807-1882. He was the military force of the unification of Italy.

Otto von Bismarck

He was a conservative German statesman. He unified many German states under the German Empire and preserved peace in Europe from 1871-1914 using the "balance of power". 1815-1898. He helped unify Germany and keep peace in Europe.

Alexander II

He was Emperor of Russia from 1855-1881 (assassinated). He was also King of Poland and Grand Prince of Finland, known as "Alexander the Liberator". He was ruler during the Crimean War and began radical reform after the war. 1818-1881 He ruled during the Crimean War and changed Russia.

Frederick William IV

He was King of Prussia and also a military man. He was a patron of many German artists, like Schinkel (architecture) and Mendelssohn He devoted much time to the Romantic movement. He was a conservative. 1795-1861 He was king of Prussia and a patron of the Romantic movement.

Red Shirts

They were the volunteers who followed Garibaldi during his expedition to southern Italy. Their uniforms were red. They helped unify Italy. Unification of Italy. They were Garibaldi's soldiers.

Leo Tolstoy

He was a Russian novelist and short story writer. He also wrote plays and essays in his later life. He was a very complicated and paradoxical person and had extreme views as a moral thinker and social reformer. He is known for War and Peace and Anna Karenina. 1828-1910. He was a reform focused writer.

Francisco Goya

He was a Spanish Romantic painter who was thought of as the last of the old masters and the first modern. He was a court painter for the Spanish Crown. He was a model for later artists such as Picasso, Manet, and Bacon. 1746-1828. He was a leading painter.

Goethe

He was a German writer, politician, and artist. He wrote many things and was a celebrity at age 25. He was ennobled and his first novel was "The Sorrows of Young Werther. He also participated in the Sturm and Drang movement. 1749-1832. He was a well respected writer.

William Gladstone

He was a liberal, British statesman. He served as Prime Minister four times. He was Britain's oldest Prime Minister. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer four times as well. 1809-1898. He was Prime Minister more times than anyone else.

Benjamin Disraeli

He was British Prime Minister and conservative statesman. He was central in the creation of the modern Conservative Party. 1804-1881. He helped create the modern Conservative Party.

Theory of Evolution

This was Darwin's theory that said that all life on earth evolved from previous species, ancestors and that they shared basic traits. 19th century. This changed how people thought of things.

Social Darwinism

This is an ideology that applies biological concepts to sociology and politics. It says that conflict between groups in society leads to social progress. The fittest will win. 19th century. This was a new way of looking at society.

Frankfurt Assembly

This was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. It was a result of the March Revolution in the German Confederation. It produced the Frankfurt Constitution. 1848-1849. This assembly was the first of it's kind for Germany.

Franco-Prussian War

It was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. It resulted in German victory. It finally brought the unification of Germany. It led to the downfall of Napoleon III in France. 1870-1871. This drastically changed how Europe was set up.

Crimean War

This was a war between Russia and the alliance of France, the British, Ottomans and Sardinia Piedmont. It resulted in the preservation of the Ottoman Empire. 1853-1856. This was a major conflict that helped Italy unify.

Dreyfus Affair

It was a political scandal in France. It convicted Captain Alfred Dreyfus of treason. He allegedly communicated French milit secrets to the German Embassy. New info came to light convicting Esterhazy, which the milit initially covered up but then he was convicted. 1894-1906. This was a huge scandal.

Feminism

This is a movement that supports equal rights for women and men. mid 19th century. This is a radical movement that supports women.

Positivism

This is a philosophy based on the view that in social and natural sciences information comes from sensory experience, and that logical treatments and reports of data are the exclusive source of all knowledge. 19th century. This was a new philosophy of thinking.

Realism

This is a philosophy that says that reality exists independently of observers. It contrasts with idealism. 19th century. This was a big philosophy.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. The goal of the Congress of Vienna is to surpress this because it destroys nations due to the huge number of subsets of people in European countries

Volksgeist

Developed by Herder. The idea that each nation contains a similar cultural spirit

Hegel

German Intellectual. Suggests that opinions can blend together to create an idealistic view on politics. Nationalism depends on people coming together to synthesize ideology

German Confederation

Consisted of 38 sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia, the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 38 states to take action.

Zollverein

…A free trade union in the German states except Austria. Created a large free trade zone in the German states. 1834