AP Euro: Chapter 12/13/14 Unit Quiz/Test

Greek Revolution

Greek revolution against Ottoman Empire

most famous of century (illustrious writers)

Serbia Independence

Russia: Serbian formal protector

Milos Obrenovic: Serbia leader against Ottomans

Eastern Question: Ottoman Empire

Decembrist Revolt

army officers revolt after Tsar Alexander death

constitutional government, abolish serfdom

Southern/Northern Society

Southern: representative government/ abolish serfdom (radical)

Northern: constitutional monarchy/protect aristocracy

Nicholas I

Tsar after Tsar Alexander

extreme conservative

nationalism

Official Nationality

"Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism"

Russian Orthodox Church: provide basis morality

Organic Statute

Nicholas I declares Poland an integral part of the Russian empire

Charles X

Count of Artois --> king of France

ultraroyalist/divine right

July Revolution

Louis Phillipe (Orleans) replace Charles X

liberal rule; religious toleration

Algiers/Four Ordinances

France in North America; Charles X issues Four Ordinances

royal coup d'etat

Louis Phillipe

"Citizen King"; Orleans family: liberal

July Monarchy

Parisians force him to resign --> corrupt

Marat: no supporting monarchies

July Monarchy

new, liberal regime under Louis Phillipe

Lyons

city where French workers revolt

Belgian Independence/Convention of 1839

Britain recognizes French independence

Belgium neutrality

Catholic Emancipation Act

allowed Irish Catholics to sit in Parliament

Act of Union

England and Ireland combine into Great Britain

Daniel O'Connell

leader of Irish Catholic association; elected to Parliament

Great Reform Bill

expanded electorate because of industrialization

Creoles/Peninsulares

middle-class born in colonies

white people born in Spain (favored by Crown)

San Martin

Simon Bolivar

Hidalgo

Morelos

Iturbide

monarchies; leader of Río de la Plata

republic; leader in Venezuela

New Spain priests; support from natives, enslaved, urban/rural workers

Emperor of Mexico

Dom Pedro

Emperor of independent Brazil from Portugal

Brazil: maintain slavery

British Supremacy

industrial revolution (textile industry)

consumerism

Population growth

Demographic trends

urbanization

spread of diseases --> cholera

"Revolution in landholding"

HELP

Growth of Railroads (cause & effect)

investment in capital goods > consumer goods

industrial economy; steam engine

Proletarianization

process of labor becoming a commodity in labor marketplace

Guild system

organization of artisan production

Confection

goods produced in standard sizes by workers

labor division; less-skilled jobs

Chartism

political reform movement for universal male suffrage

Feargus O'Conner

most important Chartist leader

1st large-scale working class movement

Mechanization of weaving

changes family dynamic: father moved to factory

English Factory Act of 1833

limited working hours, provided education

New gender roles

Men: breadwinners

Women: domestic roles

Prostitution

women selling services for money to supplement husband's income

Impact of marriage

women attain dowry

leave workforce

working-class: imitate middle/upper class

Police/prison reform

isolated cells

transform/rehabilitate

Sir Robert Peel: London

Elizabeth Fry

reformed prisons in England

Auburn/Philadelphia System

prisoners separated during night; associate in day

prisoners separated at all times

Classical economics

free market; liberalism

Zollverein

free trade between German states (excluding Austria)

Utilitarianism

greatest good for greatest number of people

Jeremy Bentham

Poor Laws

established Poor Law Commission

poverty: worst condition possible

Corn Laws

British tariffs on imported grain

hurt working-class

Utopian socialism

ideal communities without capitalism

open marriage

Saint-Simon

earliest social pioneer

management of wealth by experts

father of technocracy

Robert Owen

British utopian socialist

humane working conditions improve productivity/efficiency

Charles Fourier

French utopian socialist

perform different tasks --> cure boredom

Louis Blanc

working-class vote

finance workshops

Proudhon

less radical Anarchist

attacked banking system

French labor movement

Blanqui

more radical Anarchist

revolution vs. capitalism

Karl Marx

Marxism: socialism

father of Communism

Proletariat revolution inevitable

Friedrich Engels

partner with Marx for Communist Manifesto

Communist Manifesto

Communism: abolition of private property

Marx and Engels

conflict between classes

Revolutions of 1848

France 1848 Revolution

liberalism (not nationalism)

conservatives: victorious

Lamartine

liberal leader of French 1848 Revolution

constitution

Blanc: universal male suffrage/workshops

working-class leader

Louis Napoleon

Emperor Napoleon III

elected by plebiscite

assisted Piedmont vs. Austria

foreign policy failures: Mexico/Prussia exiles him

2nd Empire

Napoleon III's rule over France

Vesuvians

radical women group in France for female equality

Pauline Roland

improve working-class women conditions in France

Habsburgs

susceptible to Hungary and Italian revolutions

Louis Kossuth

Hungarian nationalist who proposed autonomy/independence

March Laws

liberal reforms during March Revolution for Hungary

aristocratic liberties

Magyarization

Hungary imposing customs in nationalist effort

Pan-Slavic Conference

national equality of Slavs against Habsburgs

Charles Albert

King of Piedmont who was defeated by Austria

helped Italian revolts for unification

Pius IX

pope in Italy protected by France (Catholics)

Mazzini

Italian nationalist

Garibaldi

Italian nationalist; tries to fight for unity

Victor Emmanuel

King of Piedmont after Charles Albert

Frederick William IV

conservative; opposed constitutions

Frankfurt Parliament

liberal constitution

liberal and working class divide

recognize German confederation

Grossdeutsch vs. Kleindeutsch

Austria included in united Germany

Austria excluded in united Germany

Austrian question

Long-term causes of the Crimean War

Russia strongest power; no revolutions

Ottoman Empire weakening

Austria: neutrality (loses Russian support)

Christians in Ottoman Empire

Hatti: equality regardless of religion; rights of non-Muslims

Treaty of Paris

Russia renounces Orthodox Christians and surrenders territory

Crimean War

Reforms in the Ottoman Empire

Non-Muslims/Christians given rights

Romantic Republicans

achieve Italian unification; romanticize Italian customs

Garibaldi/Mazzini

Carbonari

"coal burners"

most famous Italian romantic republican society

Cavour

Piedmont prime minister

Italian unification --> material/economic bonds

France: alliance necessary (not Habsburgs)

Transformismo

Italy conservative political system

corrupt bribery/payments

Italia irredenta

unredeemed Italy

Trent (Southern Tyrol), Triente

William I

strengthen Prussian army with taxes

Parliament: no approval

Bismarck

conservative Prussian prime minister

German unification

constitutional monarchy

war: achieve unity

universal male suffrage: vote conservative

Danish War

Prussia/Austria vs Denmark

Schleswig, Holstein: conquered territories

army: Bismarck's weapon for unification

Austro-Prussian War

7 Weeks War

Prussia defeats Austria + German states

Treaty of Prague: Venetia given to Italy

Prussia only major power

North German Confederation

Prussia and northern Germany

Prince Leopold

cousin of William I; new king of Spain

France: disapproves of appointment

Ems Telegram

Bismarck edits/publishes William's telegram about France

starts war to unify southern German states

Battle of Sedan

Prussia captures Napoleon III (exiled)

complete German unification

end of 2nd Empire

Mexico

Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria: Emperor of Mexico

France loses control to natives

Paris Commune

Parisians want autonomy from France

Patrice MacMahon

replaces Thiers as president

conservative; resigns --> republicans control government

Boulanger Affair

General Georges Boulanger: fails to establish dictatorship

3rd Republic: durable

Francis Joseph I

Habsburg emperor; dynasty tradition

Military defeats/foreign policy failures (Habsburgs)

Crimean War neutrality: no Russian support

France/Piedmont victory: Italy

German unification: Prussia powerful

October Diploma

Francis Joseph creates Austrian federation with states and provinces

Hungary: reject; autonomy

February Patent

bicameral legislature in Austria

Hungarians: deny

Compromise of 1867

Ausgleich

dual Austria-Hungary monarchy

Trialism

Czechs: triple monarchy with Austria, Hungary, Czechs

autonomy