A&P Lecture Exam 1

Anatomy

describes the structures of the body

Physiology

The study of body function

Cytology

study of cells and their structures

Histology

study of tissues and their structures

Homeostasis

all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment

Intrinsic regulation

Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change

Extrinsic regulation

Regulation by endocrine system- slower, more persistent, and involves hormones

Negative feedback

the response of the effector negates the stimulus

Negative feedback strives to return body to normal range by producing output _____ of perturbation

in opposite direction

Positive feedback output is in _____ direction as perturbation

same

Most examples of extrinsic regulation of organ systems in the human body will be controlled via _____

negative feedback

Axial

relating to head, neck, and trunk, the axis of the body

Appendicular

relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis

Parietal layer

lines walls of cavities

Visceral layer

covers surface of enclosed viscera

Heart

parietal and visceral pericardium

Lungs

parietal and visceral pleura

Digestive and reproductive organs

parietal and visceral peritoneum

Epithelial

layers of cells that cover internal or external surfaces

Glands

structures that produce fluid secretions

Cellularity

composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells

Polarity

structural and functional differences are present between the exposed and attached surfaces

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

limited ability to repair

4 types of junctions

tight, gap, hemidesmosome, desmosomes,

Adhesion belt

encircles cells and binds them to their neighbors

Gap junctions

allow rapid communication

Desmomes

very strong, allow bending and twisting

Basement membrane has two parts

Clear layer (lamina lucida) and Dense layer (lamina densa)

Squamous epithelia

thin and flat

Cuboidal epithelia

square shaped

Columnar epithelia

tall, slender rectangles

Simple epithelium

single layers of cells

Stratified epithelium

several layers of cells

Mesothelium

lines ventral body cavities

Endothelium

lines heart and blood vessels

simple cuboidal epithelium

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: lines portions of kidney tubules

stratified squamous epithelium

Function: protection, secretion, absorption

Location: sweat ducts and mammary glands

Epithelial tissue has several distinctive properties. Which correctly lists these properties?

1 and 3 are correct

Endocrine glands

no ducts

exocrine glands

ducts

merocrine secretion

secretions released by vesicle exocytosis; (sweat)

appocrine secretion

lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface; (milk)

holocrine secretion

secretions released by cell bursting; (sebum)

Serous glands

watery secretions

mucous glands

secrete mucins

mixed exocrine glands

both serous and mucous

Unicellular glands

single-celled glands

multicellular glands

glands that consist of many cells

A gland that has no ducts and secretes directly into the extracellular fluid or blood is called an_____

endocrine gland

Fibroblasts

the most abundant CTP cell type

Adipocytes

Fat cells, each cell stores a single, large fat droplet

Macrophages

Large, amoeba-like cells of the immune system

Collagen Fibers

most common fiber type in connective tissue proper; (tendons)

Reticular Fibers

Network of interwoven fibers (stroma)

Lack of Vitamin C in the diet interferes with the ability of fibroblasts to produce collagen. What effect might this interference have on connective tissue?

Tissue is weak and prone to damage

Tendons

attach muslces to bones

Ligaments

connect bone to bone and stabilize organs

Aponeurosis

attach in sheets to large, flat muscles

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

transport oxygen

white blood cells (leukocytes)

fight infection

Avascular

no blood vessels

Perichondrium

sets cartilage apart from surrounding tissues

Why does cartilage heal slowly?

lacks a direct blood supply

cutaneous membrane (skin)

Surface of the body

synovial membrane

membrane lining the capsule of a joint

Skeletal muscle cells

multinucleated, long and thin, do not divide

Smooth muscle

single nuclei, spindle shaped, can divide

Neurons

nerve cells

What do we mean by "excitable" tissue?

capable of carrying an action potential

Which of the following are excitable tissues?

neural and muscle tissues

Accessory structures

hair, nails, exocrine glands

Epidermis

stratified squamous

Thin skin

covers most of the body, has 4 layers of keratinocytes

Thick skin

palms of hands and soles of feet, has 5 layers of keratinocytes

Some criminals sand the tips of their fingers so as not to leave recognizable fingerprints. Would this practice permanently remove fingerprints? Why or why not?

No, because the original ridge pattern regenerates

Keratin

a tough protein found in the skin, hair, and nails

Dandruff is caused by excessive shedding of cells from the outer layer of skin in the scalp. Thus, dandruff is composed of cells from which epidermal layer?

Stratum Corneum

Which layer of the epidermis is only presents in thick skin?

stratum lucidum

Skin color two pigments

Carotene and Melanin

Liver and Kidneys convert Vitamin D3 into ____

calcitriol

UV radiation striking the skin

can mutate the cells' DNA and cause cancer

• can cause the breakdown of collagen fibers that results in wrinkles later in life.

Spending all day indoors and having no dairy intake is highly correlated with bone disorders. What is the connection?

UV light is necessary to produce the hormone Vitamin D3

Where would a subcutaneous injection be made in the skin?

hypodermis layer

vellous hair

soft fine hair that covers most of the body

terminal hair

heavy pigmented hairs

Thermoregulation

maintaining body temperature

Deordorants are used to mask the effects of secretions from which type of skin gland?

apocrine sweat glands

Response to injury

mast cells trigger inflammation response

Repair of the Integument Following an Injury

inflammation, migration, proliferation, scab phase

The humerus is an example of an _____

long

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary functions of the skeletal system?

storage of carbohydrates

Circle the word that does not belong with the others. Give one sentence answer for your choice.

Condyle because it has a smooth rounded articular process.

Canaliculi

forms pathways for blood vessels

Periosteum

covers outer surfaces of bone

Two thirds of bone matrix is____

hydroxyapatite

One third of bone matrix

Collagen

mesenchymal cells

stem cells that respond to injury or infection

Which of the following labels matches osteocytes?

mature bone cell

Osteon

structural unit of compact bone