soc 1003 exam 2

Sentencing Process

The sequence of steps taken after a defendant is found guilty to decide on the punishment.

Judicial Discretion

The ability of a judge to make choices based on their judgment and the circumstances of a case.

Deterrence

Punishing the offender to discourage further crime.

Incapacitation

Removing the offender from society to prevent future crime.

Rehabilitation

Providing treatment to help offenders reintegrate into society as law-abiding citizens.

Restorative Justice

An approach focusing on repairing harm caused by criminal behavior through dialogue and cooperation.

Indeterminate Sentence

A sentence with a minimum and maximum time to be served.

Determinate Sentence

A fixed term of imprisonment.

Mandatory Sentence

A sentence with defined punishment that must be applied for specific crimes.

Truth in Sentencing

Laws requiring that offenders serve most of their sentence without parole.

Consecutive Sentences

Multiple sentences that are served one after another.

Concurrent Sentences

Multiple sentences that are served simultaneously.

Intermediate Sanctions

Punishments more severe than probation but less severe than incarceration.

Shock Probation

A sentence where the offender serves part of their time in prison before being placed on probation.

Capital Punishment

The legally sanctioned execution of an individual as punishment for a capital offense.

Overcrowding

When the number of inmates exceeds the capacity of the prison, leading to unsafe conditions.

Cooper v. Pate (1964)

A landmark case establishing that prisoners have constitutional rights.

Eighth Amendment

Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.

Thirteenth Amendment

Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

Fourteenth Amendment

Grants equal protection under the law and due process.

Warden

The head administrator of a prison.

Correctional Officers

Staff responsible for overseeing the custody and care of incarcerated individuals.

Recidivism

The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend.

Parole

Conditional release of an inmate before they complete their sentence.

Conditional Release

Releasing a convicted person subject to certain conditions.

Fines

Monetary penalties imposed by the court as a form of punishment.

Restitution

Compensating the victim for the harm caused by the offender.

Halfway House

Transitional facilities that provide housing for individuals reintegrating into society.

GPS Monitoring

Using a GPS device to track the location of offenders under supervision.

Community Corrections

Supervision and rehabilitation of offenders within the community.

Home Confinement

Restricting an offender to their home during specific times.

Boot Camps

Short-term correctional programs emphasizing discipline and physical training.

Day Reporting Centers

Facilities where offenders report daily for services and monitoring.

Cybercrime

Criminal activities targeting computers or networks.

Ransomware

Malware that locks a computer system until a ransom is paid.

Doxxing

The act of publicly revealing private information about an individual.

Phishing

Fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information through deceptive emails.

Black Market

An illegal trading system for goods and services.

Terrorism

The unlawful use of force to intimidate or coerce for political or social purposes.

Domestic Terrorism

Violent acts committed by individuals within a country without foreign influence.

Transnational Terrorism

Terrorist acts that span multiple countries.

Radicalization

The process through which individuals come to support terrorism and extremist ideologies.

Lone Wolves

Individuals who commit violent acts alone, without direct support from terrorist organizations.

Enhanced Interrogation Techniques

Methods used to extract information that may include torture.

Stereotyping

Oversimplified and fixed ideas about a group of people.

Ethical Dilemmas

Situations in which a difficult choice must be made between two or more actions.

Mass Incarceration

The substantial increase in the number of incarcerated individuals in the US.

Community Programs

Outreach efforts aimed at crime prevention and rehabilitation.

Juvenile Justice System

The legal framework for dealing with minors who commit crimes.

Diversion Programs

Programs aimed at redirecting offenders away from the juvenile justice system.

School-to-Prison Pipeline

Policies that push students from schools into the juvenile and criminal justice systems.

Victim Awareness Classes

Programs aimed at educating offenders about the impact of their actions on victims.

Juvenile Crime

Criminal offenses committed by individuals under the age of 18.

Delinquency

Criminal acts carried out by minors.

Recidivism Rates

Statistics measuring the tendency of previously incarcerated individuals to reoffend.

Incarceration Issues

Challenges faced within the juvenile detention system, including abuse and lack of resources.

Wraparound Services

Comprehensive support services designed to meet various needs of at-risk youth.

Reentry Challenges

Difficulties faced by former inmates reintegrating into society.

Community Service

Unpaid work performed by an offender for the benefit of the community.

Contraband

Illegal items or substances found in prison.

Behavioral Programs

Treatment initiatives focusing on modifying offenders' behavior.

Mental Health Services

Therapeutic support provided to individuals dealing with mental health issues.

Substance Abuse Treatment

Programs designed to help offenders recover from addiction.

Parenting Programs

Services aimed at helping incarcerated parents maintain connections with their children.

Violence Causes in Prison

Factors contributing to inmate violence, such as overcrowding and organized gangs.

Gang Violence

Violent acts committed by gangs within and outside of correctional facilities.

Critical Thinking

The mental process of analyzing and evaluating information.

Separation Tactics

Methods used to reduce violence and improve prison safety.

Legal and Financial Consequences

The repercussions offenders face from their actions, including restitution to victims.

HIV/AIDS in Prisons

Higher rates of HIV/AIDS prevalence among incarcerated individuals compared to the general population.

Mental Illness in Prison

The presence of psychological disorders among the incarcerated population.

Educational Programs in Prison

Classes offered to inmates to provide skills and knowledge for reintegration into society.

Vocational Training Programs

Job preparation courses designed for offenders to gain employable skills.

Prison Work Programs

Initiatives allowing inmates to work and earn money while incarcerated.

Religious Programs in Prison

Services offered to inmates for spiritual support and guidance.

Challenges for Former Offenders

Obstacles faced when reintegrating into society, such as stigma and lack of jobs.

Youth Advocate Programs

Initiatives aimed at supporting young individuals who are at risk of entering the justice system.