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what occurs in the process of photosynthesis?
converting light energy into chemical energy that is stored in sugar bonds/glucose
equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (carbon dioxide + water + light energy makes glucose + oxygen + water
what does photosynthesis require in addition to water and carbon dioxide?
sunlight
what is the principle pigment of plants?
chlorophyll
which of the visible spectrum does chlorophyll absorb well?
blue, red and yellow
what are the sack like membranes that chloroplasts contain?
thylakoids
what is the region outside the thylakoid membrane called?
stroma
what are the two stages of photosynthesis?
light dependent reactions and calvin cycle
what is the carrier molecule involved in photosynthesis?
NADP
how does NADP become NADPH?
when it accepts two electrons and a hydrogen ion
do light dependent reactions convert ADP to ATP?
yes
do light dependent reactions produce oxygen gas?
yes
do light dependent reactions convert NADP to NADPH?
yes
where do light dependent reactions take place?
thylakoid membrane
what happened to water in the light dependent reactions?
hydrolisis (splits hydrogen and oxygren)
high energy electrons move through the electron transport chain from
photosystem 1 to photosystem 2
photosynthesis begins when pigments in photosystem m ____ absorb light
photosystem 2
The difference in charges across the thylakoid membrane provides energy to make ______
ATP
what are the products of the light dependent reactions?
NADPH and ATP
the light energy from the sun is converted to what type of energy and stored where?
chemical energy stored in sugar bonds
how does ATP synthase produce ATP?
energy is released when the hydrogen ions passthrough ATP synthase and is picked up by ADP, forming ATP with a phosphate group
where does the calvin cycle take place?
stroma
before the calvin cycle begins, where is the energy stored?
in the bonds of ATP and NADPH
what happens to CO2 in the calvin cycle?
attached to RUBP, becomes a 6 carbon molecule, then splits into 2 PGA molecules
what are the inputs to the calvin cycle? where do they come from?
CO2, ATP and NADPH. CO2 comes from the atmosphere, ATP and NADPH come from the light dependent reactions
why are the reactions of the calvin cycle also called the light independent reactions?
because it doesn't require any actual light for the energy reactions
what are the products of the calvin cycle?
6 PGAL molecules
what are three uses for glucose in a plant?
1) can be turned into starch for long term storage, 2) cellulose which forms cell walls, 3) combines to become other molecules (like sucrose for energy)
state the three steps in light independent reactions of photosynthesis
carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration
define an electron transport chain and explain its importance
chain containing plastoquionine, cytocrom 8, plastocyanine and ferredoxin. it removes proton from a product and leaves only electrons to be used in the next stage of photosynthesis
compare cyclical and non cyclical
cyclical means "cycle", its only in photosystem 1, no splitting of water, P700, only ATP and only bacteria
non cyclical means "not a cycle", photosystem 1 and 2, uses splitting of water, P680, used NADPH and ATP and is C3 and C4 plants
explain the importance of the third step of light independent reactions
regeneration: after reduction, there are 6 carbon based compounds. one goes to the beginning of the cycle, while the other 5 go into regeneration, which is the making of glucose within the plant and the energy itself. RUBP starts the calvin cycle again with rubisco
explain the process of chemiosmosis and its importance in photosynthesis
is the movement of hydrogen ions across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration. it is important in the creation of ATP to help regeneration to start the cycle over again
discuss the importance of CO2 in photosynthesis
need carbon for the RUBP got the calvin cycle to make glucose
what is produced in the calvin cycle and how is it stored?
chemical energy is produced which is stored in glucose
describe the relationship of ATP/ADP and NADP and NADP in the light independent cycle of photosynthesis
products of light dependent cycle is used as energy in the calvin cycle
explain the first step in the right independent reaction of photosynthesis
carbon fixation: CO2 attaches to a 5 carbon molecule using Rubisco and then splits into 2 three carbon molecules
state the type of organism that uses the cyclical pathway for the light dependent phase of photosynthesis
bacteria
discuss the structure of a chloroplast
thylakoid membrane: where light dependent reactions occur
stroma: where calvin cycle occurs
grana: stacks of thylakoids
inner/outer membranes: holds it together
explain oxidation and reduction and give a named example
oxidation is the loss of electrons, reduction is the gain of electrons
reduction is the second phase of the calvincycle
the electron transport chain transports only the electrons through the light dependent phase to make the needed ATP and glucose. example: NADP
what is rubp carboxylase and how is it used in photosynthesis?
also known as RUBISCO, it catalyzes the attachment of CO2 to the RUBP
why does there needs to be a large space on the thylakoids?
The thylakoid space will have a lower pH (more acidic) when there is a high concentration of H+ present
what is the importance of water in photosynthesis?
it is the source of hydrogen, sugars created during photosynthesis is require 12 hydrogen atoms
what are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?
temperature: photosynthesis is controlled by enzymes which are sensitive to temperature and above a certain temperature will cause denaturalization, light intensity: light is required for photosynthesis, and as light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis will increase util it plateaus, CO2 concentration: with an increase, rate of photosynthesis will increase until it reaches its maximum rate, CO2 is required for photosynthesis to occur
how is G3P produced and what is the importance of it?
rubisco catalyzes attachment of CO2 to RUBP, this 6 carbon compound breaks down into two 3 carbon molecules called 3 PGA, each of these molecules is phosphorylated by ATP and this converts each molecule of G3P. One G3P is used to re start the process
