AMACE BT1-Paints and Coatings

Paints, stains and varnishes

serve the purpose of

protecting surfaces to which it is applied to provide or

enhance its beauty. Each of these and their

respective types may have different preparation and

application methods and the performance of the

coating may fail if these are not complied with.

Paint

is the solution of a pigment in water, oil, or

organic solvent, used to cover wood or metal articles

either for protection or for appearance.

Architectural Paints

air-drying materials applied

by brush or spray to architectural and structural

surfaces and forms for decorative and protective

purposes

Commercial Paints

air-drying or baking-cured

materials applied by brush, spray, or magnetic

agglomeration to kitchen and laundry appliances,

automobile, machinery and furniture and used as

highway marking materials

Industrial Paints

used as corrosion-resistant

coatings and high temperature coating

Pigment

gives the paint a color, but also plays a

role in its consistency, ease or application, drying

ability, durability and hardness

Vehicle

a liquid in which pigment is dispersed

before being applied to a surface in order to

control consistency, adhesion, gloss and

durability

Binder

makes the coat of paint retain its

structure. and bonds it to the surface to which it is

applied

Solvent

dissolves the paint to make it usable

and workable at normal room temperatures

Primer

are basecoats applied to a surface to

improve the adhesion of subsequent coats of

paint or varnish

Sealer

are basecoats applied to a surface to

reduce absorption of subsequent coats of paint or

varnish or to prevent bleeding through the finish

coat

Oil paints

utilize a drying oil that oxidizes and

hardens to form a tough elastic film when

exposed to thin layer of air

Alkyd paints

have as a blinder an alkyd resin,

such as chemically modified soy or linseed oil

Latex paints

a binder and acrylic resin that

coalesces as water evaporates from the emulsion

Epoxy paints

have an epoxy resin as a binder

for increased resistance to corrosion, abrasion

and chemicals.

Fire-retardant paints

especially formulated with

silicone and polyvinyl chloride or other substance

to reduce the spread of flame of a combustible

material.

Heat-resistant paints

specially formulated with

silicone resins to withstand high temperatures

Intumescent coatings

swells to form a thick

insulating layer of inert foam when exposed to

heat or fire that retards flame spread and

combustion

Blistering

bubbles resulting from localized loss

of adhesion and lifting of the paint film from the

underlying surface

Possible causes of blistering

1. Applying oil-based or alkyd paint over

a damp or wet surface

2. Moisture seeping Into the home

through the exterior walls

3. Exposure of the latex paint film to high

humidity or moisture shortly after paint

has dried, especially if there were

Inadequate surfaces.

Solution for blistering

1. If they do not go all the way down

to the substrate: Remove blisters by

scraping & sanding, and repaint with a

quality acrylic latex interior paint.

2. lf they go down to the substrate:

Remove the source of moisture, If

possible.

Blocking

undesirable sticking together of two

painted surfaces when pressed together (e.g., a

door sticking to the jamb)

Possible Causes for blocking

1. Not allowing sufficient dry time for the

coating before closing doors or

windows.

2. Use of low quality, semi-gloss or gloss

paints.

Solution for blocking

1. Use top quality semi-gloss or gloss

acrylic latex paint. Acrylic latex paints

generally, have better early block

resistance than vinyl latex paints, or

alkyd or oil-based paints

Burnishing

increase in gloss or sheen of paint

film when subjected to rubbing, scrubbing or

having an object brush up against it.

Possible Causes of burnishing

1. Use of flat paint In highly trafficked

areas, where a higher sheen level

would be desired.

2. Frequent washing and spot cleaning.

3. Objects (furniture, for example)

rubbing against the waifs.

Solution for burnishing

1. Paint heavy wear areas that require

regular cleaning \e.g., doors, window

sills and trim) with a top quality latex

paint

2. In high traffic areas, choose a semi-

gloss or gloss rather than a flat sheen

level

Cracking/ Flaking

splitting of a dry paint film

through at least one coat as a result of aging,

which ultimately will lead to complete failure of

the paint. In Its early stages, the problem appears

as hairline cracks; In Its later stages, flaking

occurs.

Possible causes of cracking

1. Use of a lower quality paint that has

Inadequate adhesion and flexibility.

2. Over-thinning or overspreading the

paint.

3. Inadequate surface preparation, or

applying the paint to bare wood

without first applying a primer.

Solution for cracking

1. Remove loose and flaking paint with a

scraper or wire brush, sanding the

surface and feathering the edges.

2. Prime bare wood areas before

repainting.

3. Use of a top quality primer and top

coat should prevent a recurrence of

the problem.

Foaming/ Cratering

formation of bubbles and resulting small, round concave

depressions when bubbles break in a

paint film, during paint application and drying

Possible Causes of foaming

1. Shaking a partially filled can of paint.

2. Use of low quality paint or very old

latex paint.

3. Applying (especially rolling) paint too

rapidly.

4. Excessive rolling or brushing of the

paint.

5. Applying a gloss or semi-gloss paint

over a porous surface.

Solutions for foaming

1. Use high quality paints which will allow

good flow and appearance

2. Avoid excessive rolling or brushing of

the paint or using paint that is more

than a year old.

3. Apply an appropriate sealer or primer

before using such paint over a porous

surface.

4. Problem areas should be sanded

before repainting.

Lapping

appearance of a denser color or

increased gloss where wet and dry layers overlap

during paint application.

Possible causes of lapping

1. Failure to maintain a "wet edge" when

painting.

2. Use of a low solids "economy" paint.

Solution for lapping

1. Maintain a wet edge when painting by

applying paint toward the unpainted

area and then back into the just

painted surface.

2. This technique will produce a smooth,

uniform appearance.

3. It is also wise to work in manageable

size areas; plan for interruptions at a

natural break, such as a window, door

or corner.

4. Using a top quality acrylic latex paint

makes it easier to avoid lapping

problems because high solids

(pigments and binder) content makes

lapped areas less noticeable.

5. Alkyd paints generally have superior

wet edge properties.

Mildew

black, grey or brown spots or areas on

the surface of paint or caulk.

Possible causes of mildew

1. Forms most often on areas that tend

to be damp, or receive little or no

direct sunlight (bathrooms, kitchens,

laundry rooms)

2. Use of an alkyd or oil-based paint, or

lower quality latex paint.

3. Failure to prime wood surface before

applying the paint.
4. Painting over a substrate/coating on

which mildew has not been removed.

Solutions for mildew

1. Test for mildew by applying a few

drops of household bleach to the area:

if it is bleached away, the discolorant

is probably mildew.

2. Remove all mildew from the surface

by scrubbing with a diluted household

bleach solution (one part bleach, three

parts water) Rinse thoroughly.

3. Use a top quality latex paint, and clean

when necessary with bleach/detergent

solution.

4. Consider installing an exhaust fan in

high moisture areas.

Mud Cracking

deep, irregular crack resembling

dried mud in dry paint film.

Possible causes of mud cracking

1. Paint is applied too thickly, usually

over a porous surface.

2. Paint is allowed to build up in corners

upon application.

Solutions for mud cracking

1. Remove coating by scraping and

sanding.

2. Prime and repaint, using a top quality

latex paint.

3. Mud-cracked areas can also be

repaired by sanding the surface

smooth before repainting with a top

quality latex paint.

4. Quality paints have a higher solids

content, which reduces the tendency

to mud crack. They also have a very

good application and hiding properties,

which minimize the tendency to apply

to thick a coat of paint.

Sagging

downward "drooping" movement of the

paint film immediately after application, resulting

in a uneven coating.

Possible causes for sagging

1. Application of a heavy coat of paint.

2. Application in excessively humid

and/or cool conditions.

3. Airless spraying with the gun too close

to the substrate being painted.

Solution for sagging

1. If paint is still wet, immediately brush

out or re-roll to redistribute the excess

evenly.

2. If the paint has dried, sand and

reapply a new coat of top quality paint.

3. Correct any unfavorable conditions:

Do not thin the paint; avoid cool or

humid conditions; sand glossy

surfaces.

4. Paint should be applied at its

recommended spread rate are better

than one heavy coat, which can also

lead to sagging.

5. Consider removing doors to paint

them supported horizontally.

Surfactant leaching

concentration of water-

soluble ingredients on the surface of a latex

paint, typically on a ceiling surface in rooms that

have high humidity (e.g., shower, bathroom,

kitchen); may be evident as tan or brown spots or

areas, and can sometimes be glossy, soapy or

sticky.

Possible causes of Surfactant leaching

1. All latex paint formulas will exhibit

this tendency to some extent if applied

in areas that become humid

(bathrooms, for example), especially in

ceiling areas

Solution for Surfactant leaching

1. Wash the affected area with soap

and water, and rinse.

2. Problem may occur once or twice

again before leachable material is

completely removed.

3. When paint is applied in a

bathroom, it is helpful to have it dry

thoroughly before using the shower.

4. Remove all staining before

repainting.

Wrinkling

a rough, crinkled paint surface, which

occurs when uncured paint forms a "skin."

Possible causes of wrinkling

1. Paint applied too thickly (more likely

when using alkyd or oil-based paints).

2. Painting during extremely hot

weather or cool damp weather, which

causes the paint film to dry faster on

top than on the bottom.

3. Exposure of uncured paint to high

humidity levels.

4. Applying top coat of paint to

insufficiently cured primer.

5. Painting over contaminated surface

{e.g., dirt or wax)

Solution for wrinkling

1. Scrape or sand substrate to remove

wrinkled coating.

2. If using a primer, allow it to dry

completely before applying top coat.

3. Applying an even coat of top quality

interior paint.

Poor print resistance

tendency of paint film to

take on the imprint of an object that is placed on

it (e.g., a shelf, table, window sill or countertop

with books, dishes and other objects of them).

Possible causes of poor print resistance

1. Use of low quality semi-gloss or

gloss paint.

2. Putting a painted surface back into

use before paint has fully dried.

12.2.Solution

1. Use top quality acrylic semi-gloss or

gloss latex paint.

2. Low quality latex semi-gloss and

gloss paints can have poor print

resistance, especially in warm damp

conditions.

3. Acrylic latex paints generally have

better print resistance than vinyl latex

paints.

4. Fully cured alkyd paints also have

excellent print resistance. Make sure

the recommended "cure" time is

allowed for the paint before it is put

into service. Cool or humid conditions

require more curing time

Alligatoring

patterned cracking in the surface of

the paint film resembling the regular scales of an

alligator.

Possible Causes of alligatoring

1. Application of an extremely hard, rigid

coating, like an alkyd enamel, over a

more flexible coating, like a latex

primer.

2. Application of a top coat before the

undercoat is dry.

3. Natural aging of oil-based paints as

temperatures fluctuate.

4. The constant expansion and

contraction results in a loss of paint

film elasticity.

Solution for alligatoring

1. Old paint should be completely

removed by scraping and sanding the

surface; a heat gun can be used to

speed work on large surfaces, but take

care to avoid igniting paint/substrate.

2. The surface should be primed with a

high quality latex or oil-based primer,

then painted w/ a top quality exterior

latex paint

Chalking

formation of fine powder on the

surface of the paint film during weathering, which

can cause color fading. Although some degree of

chalking is a normal, desirable way for a paint

film to wear, excessive film erosion can result in

heavy chalking.

Possible causes of chalking

1. Use of a low-grade, highly pigmented

paint.

2. Use of an interior paint for an outdoor

application.

Solutlons for chalking

1. First remove as much of the chalk

residue as possible, using a stiff bristle

brush (or wire brush on masonry) and

then rinse thoroughly with a garden

hose; or use power washing

equipment.

2. Check for any remaining chalk by

running a hand ewer the surface after

it dries.

3. If noticeable chalk is still present,

apply a quality oil-based or acrylic

latex primer (or comparable sealer for

masonry), then repaint with a quality

exterior coating; if little or no chalk

remains and the old paint is sound, no

priming is necessary.

Dirt Pickup

accumulation of dirt, dust particles

and/or other debris on the paint film; may

resemble mildew.

Possible causes of dirt pickup

1. Use of low quality paint, especially

lower grades of satin/semi-gloss

2. Soil splashing onto siding.

3. Air pollution, car exhaust and flying

dust collecting on house body and

horizontal trim.

Solutions for dirt pickup

1. Wash off all surface dirt before priming

and painting.

2. If unsure whether the problem is

dirt/mildew, conduct a simple spot test.

3. Clean off dirt with a scrub brush and

detergent solution, followed by a

thorough rinsing with a garden hose.

4. While dirt pickup can't be eliminated

entirely, top quality exterior latex

paints typically offer superior dirt

pickup resistance & washability.

5. Also, higher gloss paints are more

resistant to dirt pickup than flat paints,

which are more porous and can more

easily entrap dirt.

Efflorescence/Mottling

crusty, white salt

deposits, leached from mortar or masonry as

water passes through it.

Possible causes of Efflorescence/Mottling

1. Failure to adequately prepare surface

by removing all previous

efflorescence.

2. Excess moisture escaping through the

exterior masonry walls from the Inside.

Solution for Efflorescence/Mottling

1. Eliminate the source of excessive

moisture by repairing the roof,

cleaning out gutters & downspouts, &

sealing any cracks in the masonry.

2. If moist air is originating Inside the

building, consider installing

vents/exhaust fans, especially in

kitchen, bathroom & laundry areas.

3. Remove the efflorescence & all loose

material w/ a wire brush; then

thoroughly rinse the surface.

4. Apply a quality water-based or

solvent-based masonry sealer and

allow it to dry completely; then apply a

coat of top quality exterior paint or

elastomeric wall covering.

Frosting

a white, salt-like substance on the paint

surface. Frosting can occur on any paint color,

but It is less noticeable on white paint or light

tints. On masonry, It can be mistakes for

efflorescence

Possible causes of frosting

1. Forms mostly In protected areas (such

as under eaves and on open porch

ceilings) that do not receive the

cleansing action of rain, dew and other

moisture.

2. Application of a dark-colored paint

over a paint or primer containing

calcium carbonate extender.

Solution for frosting

1. Remove frosting by wire brushlng

masonry/sanding wood surfaces;

rinse, then apply a alkyd-based primer

before adding a coat of high quality

exterior paint

Paint incompatibility

loss of adhesion where

many old coats of alkyd or oil-based paint

received a latex top coat.

Possible causes of paint incompatibility

1. Use of water-based latex paint over

more than three or four coats of old

alkyd or oil-based paint may cause the

old paint to "lift off" the substrate.

Solution for paint incompatibility

1. Repaint using another coat of alkyd or

oil-based paint or completely remove

the existing paint and prepare the

surface-cleaning, sanding and spot-

priming where necessary before

repainting with a top latex exterior

paint.

Peeling

loss of paint due to poor adhesion.

Possible causes of peeling

1. Seepage of moisture through

unsealed joints, worn caulk or leaks in

roof or walls.

2. Excess moisture escaping through the

exterior walls.

3. Inadequate surface preparation.

4. Use of lower quality paint.

5. Applying an oil-based paint over a wet

surface.

6. Earlier blistering of paint.

Solution for peeling

1. Try to identify and eliminate cause of

moisture.

2. Prepare surface by removing all loose

paint with scraper or wire brush, sand

rough surfaces, prime bare wood.

3. Repaint with a top quality acrylic latex

exterior paint for best adhesion and

water resistance.

Poor alkali resistance

color loss and overall

determination of paint film on fresh masonry.

Possible causes of poor alkali resistance

1. Oil-based paint or vinyl acrylic latex

paint was applied to new masonry that

has not cured for a full year.

2. Fresh masonry is likely to contain lime,

which is very alkaline. Until the lime

has a chance to react with carbon

dioxide from the air, the alkalinity of

the masonry remains so high that it

can attack the integrity of all paint film.

Solution for poor alkali resistance

1. Allow masonry surfaces to cure for at

least 30 days, and ideally for a full

year, before painting.

2. If this is not possible, the painter

should apply a quality, alkali-resistant

sealer or latex primer, followed by a

top quality 100 percent acrylic latex

exterior paint.

3. The acrylic binder in these paints

resists alkali attack.

Poor galvanized metal adhesion

paint that has

lost its adhesion to a galvanized metal substrate.

Possible causes of Poor galvanized metal adhesion

1. Improper surface preparation, such as

inadequate rust removal.

2. Failure to apply a primer before

application of an oil-based or vinyl

latex paint.

3. Failure to sand baked-on enamel

finishes or glossy surfaces before

painting.

Solution for Poor galvanized metal adhesion

1. Any rust on the metal should be

removed with a wire brush; then an

acrylic latex corrosion-resistant primer

should be applied before applying an

oil-based or vinyl latex top coat.

Poor gloss retention

deterioration of the paint

film, resulting in excessive or rapid loss of luster

of the top coat.

Possible causes of Poor gloss retention

1. Use of an interior paint outdoors.

2. Use of a lower quality paint. Use of

a gloss alkyd/oil-based paint in areas

of direct sunlight.

Solution for Poor gloss retention

1. Direct sunshine can degrade the

binder and pigment of a paint, causing

it to chalk and lose its gloss.

2. Surface preparation for a coating

showing poor gloss retention should

be similar to that used in chalking

surfaces.

Vinyl siding warp

warping or buckling of vinyl

siding panels that have been repainted.

Possible causes of Vinyl siding warp

1. Most likely cause is that vinyl siding

was painted with a darker color paint

than the original color.

Solution for Vinyl siding warp

1. Paint vinyl siding in a shade no

darker than the original. Whites, off

whites, pastels and other very light

colors are good choices.

2. Top quality acrylic latex paint is the

best type of paint to use on vinyl

siding, because the superior flexibility

of the paint film enables it to withstand

the stress of expansion and

contraction cycles caused by outdoor

temperature changes.

Wrinkling

a rough, crinkled paint surface

occurring when paint forms "skin”.

Possible causes of wrinkling

1. Paint applied too thickly (more likely

when using alkyd or oil-based paints)

2. Painting a hot surface or in very hot

weather.

3. Exposure of uncured paint to rain,

dew, fog/high humidity levels

4. Applying top coat of paint to

insufficiently cured previous coat.

5. Painting over contaminated surface

(e.g., dirt or wax)

Solution for wrinkling

1. Scrape or sand substrate to remove

wrinkled coating.

2. Repaint, applying an even coat of

top quality exterior paint.

Stain

is a solution of dye or suspension of pigment in

a vehicle, applied to penetrate and color a wood

surface without obscuring the grain.

Water Stain

a penetrating stain made by

dissolving dye 1n a water vehicle.

Spirit Stain

A penetrating stain made by

dissolving dye in an alcohol or spirit vehicle.

Pigmented Stain

Also called opaque stain; an

oil stain containing pigments capable of

obscuring the grain and texture of a wood surface

Oil Stain

Made by dissolving dye or suspending

pigment in a drying oil or oil varnish vehicle.

Varnish

is a liquid preparation of a resin dissolved in

oil or in alcohol that when spread and allowed to dry,

forms a hard, lustrous and transparent coating.

Alkyd varnish

is the standard all-purpose interior

variety with decent protective qualities

Spar varnish

or marine varnish; it is a durable.

Weather-resistant varnish rnade from durable

resins and linseed or tung oil

Polyurethane varnish

varnish of exceptionally

hard, abrasion and chemical-resistant varnish

made from plastic resin

Lacquer varnish

Refers to any of various clear

or colored synthetic coatings of nitrocellulose or

other cellulose derivative dissolved in a solvent

that dries by evaporation to form a high gloss

film; has moderate water resistance, but it’s

sensitive to heat and certain solvents