psych midterm

cerebral cortex

makes up the outer layer of the brain, thought, movement, language, reasoning, perception

pituitary gland

secretes hormones

frontal lobe

lobe that deals with reasoning, planning, speech+movement, emotions, problem-solving, intellect, moral compass, gets memories OUT

parietal lobe

lobe that deals with touch, pressure, temperature, pain, SPATIAL relations, kinesthetic sense, recognizing your own body. contains sensory cortex

front left side

what part of phineas gage's brain was affected by his accident?

broca's area

what part of the cerebral cortex deals w language, expression, speech, directs muscle movements for speech

wernicke's area

what part of the cerebral cortex deals w language reception, language comprehension+expression

primary motor cortex

what part of the cerebral cortex deals w skilled movements

primary somatosensory cortex (sensory cortex)

what part of the cerebral cortex deals w sensory info, motor info, skilled movements, and touch, pain, temp, pressure

right hemisphere

which hemisphere of the brain deals w nonverbal, visual, spacial relations, imagination, intuition, holistic/global, spontaneity, arts, dance, music, geometry, stress, depression, violence, perceptual tasks. if something is flashed to this side they can point to it w left hand

left hemisphere

which hemisphere of the brain deals w verbal, rational, logical, analytical, planning, sequencing, details, science, math, language, reading writing spelling, organized. if something is flashed to this side they can verbally say it.

brainstem

responsible for automatic survival functions, brains basement and oldest/innermost region, at the top of the spinal cord

medulla

controls involuntary actions such as breathing, heart rate, digestion, vomit reflex

reticular formation

in charge of arousal + attention, if damaged could cause a coma. keeps you awake

pons

area between medulla+midbrain, responsible for sleep, keeps you coordinated/coordinates movements on left + right sides of body

cerebellum

controls voluntary movements, helps w coordination+balace, where procedural memories are kept (how to ride a bike/tie your shoes)

thalamus

relay station/post office, takes sensory info and sends to appropriate part of the brain (except smell)

limbic system

associated with emotions+drives+memory, system of neural structures, contains hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

Amygdala

emotional center of the brain, mostly for fear + aggression, identifies people's emotions from facial expressions

hippocampus

wishbone shaped, helps us FORM NEW memories, transfers short term memories to long term memories

Hypothalamus

helps maintain homeostasis, temp regulation, water+salt balance, links endocrine system to brain, is in charge of drives (hunger thirst sex sleep), contains the "pleasure center" for when we fulfill our drives

temporal lobe

lobe that contains the auditory cortex, and deals w hearing, memory, emotion, and facial recognition

occipital lobe

lobe that includes the visual cortex, primary function is vision

association areas

areas of the cerebral cortex that involve higher mental functions such as: learning, remembering, thinking and speaking. aka cortical areas

angular gyrus

takes letters/words and makes them into sounds, receives visual info and transforms into auditory form (small voice in our head that reads things), sends it to Wernicke's area

broca's aphasia

person has trouble formulating words with their mouth but can understand speech, they can write what they are trying to say down. they can still comprehend language

wernicke's aphasia

person has a hard time speaking in meaningful ways and understanding speech, cannot even write down what they want to say. they cannot comprehend language

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

split brain

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers that connect them (mainly those of the corpus callosum)

phrenology

Franz Gall. detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities. lumps in the brain

EEG

measures the brain's electrical activity. monitors sleep cycles, dreaming, concussion testing

PET Scan

radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to see the activity of cells. doctors ask patients to do a task and see which part lights up

CT Scan

takes a "slice" of the brain. shows problems with inside of the brain, a brain's harder structures

MRI

tunnel w large magnet creates a magnetic field and radio waves. used to look at the softer, outer tissue of the brain for things such as bruises + bleeding. measures the rebound of waves that depend on the density of the brain tissue

Lesions

tissue destruction. how early psychologists and scientists experimented to see what part of the body each part of the brain controls

point to it with their left hand

split brain patient: if a word/picture is flashed to the left visual field - right hemisphere, the patient can only \__________

verbally say what they saw

split brain patient: when a word/picture is flashed to the right visual field - left hemisphere, the person can only \_________

the science of behavior and mental processes

what is psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt

who was the father of psychology

Wilhelm Wundt

who created the first psych lab in germany? he applied lab techniques to study the mind

E.B. Titchener

who founded structuralism

structuralism

what is the study of the basic elements of thoughts and sensations. used introspection

william james

who was the first american psychologist

william james

Who founded functionalism?

william james

who authored the first psych textbook and opposed wundt and titchener?

functionalism

what study asks the questions: what is the function of the mind? what is the function of consciousness and how do we adapt to our environments?

humanistic

How we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment

psychodynamic

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

cognitive

Dealing with how we know the world around us through our senses; mental

behavioral

perspective on psychology that sees psychology as an objective science without reference to mental states

Socio-cultural

a perspective on psychology that emphasizes effects on behavior and thinking of one's culture and the people around one

evolutionary

how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes

psychiatrist

responsible for diagnosing and treating patients w severe mental illnesses. have an MD and can prescribe medicine

psychologist

diagnose and treats patients w psychological problems. can't prescribe medication

describe, explain, predict, control

4 goals of psychology

Researcher bias

the tendency to notice evidence which supports one particular point of view or hypothesis

participation bias

A tendency for research participants to behave in a certain way because they know they are being observed or they believe they know what the researcher wants.

hypothesis

testable prediction, assumption

theory

a principle formed to explain the things already shown in data, A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

4 steps of the scientific method

Ask a question. Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis. Test the prediction

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences and fitting them into an already existing schema

accommodation

process by which existing schemas are modified to fit new information

sensorimotor stage

ages 0-2. info is gained through senses + motor actions. child can't reason. object permanence is acquired at 6 months

preoperational stage

ages 2-7. children go through centration, egocentrism, irreversibility, lack of conservation

centration

tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation

egocentrism

inability to take another person's point of view/perspective

irreversability

child cannot mentally reverse a sequence of events or logical operations

conservation

2 equal quantities remain equal even if the appearance of one has changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted

concrete operations stage

ages 7-12. children still cannot reason abstractly or hypothetically, but they can think logically abt concrete objects and situations. they can now understand conservation. can classify/categorize things

formal operations stage

age 12+. can think logically abt abstract/hypothetials. can do what-if scenarios. personal fable (their experiences are unique)/imaginary audience (everyone is watching them)

erik erikson's 8 stages

Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year) - "I am all right."

Autonomy vs. Doubt/Shame

(1 to 3 years) - "I can make choices."

Initiative vs. Guilt

(4 to 5 years) - "I can do and I can make."

Industry vs. Inferiority

(6 to 12 years) - "I can join with others in doing and making things."

Identity vs. Role Confusion

(adolescence) - "I can be to others what I am to myself."

Intimacy vs. Isolation

(later adolescence) - "I can risk offering myself to another."

Generativity vs. Stagnation

(adulthood) - "I am concerned for others."

Integrity vs. Despair

(older adult) - "I can accept my life."

Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

stage 1 - obedience + punishment

stage 2 - self-interest

stage 3 - interpersonal /social expectations

stage 4 - law & order

stage 5 - social contract

stage 6 - universal ethical principles

Preconventional

level of lawrence kohlberg's theory where moral reasoning is based on self-interest - external awards and punishments

conventional

level of lawrence kohlberg's theory where laws and rules are upheld to gain approval or to maintain order

postconventional

level of lawrence kohlberg's theory where reasoning is based on basic rights and personal ethical standards

avoidant

type of insecure attachment where the child avoids the mother and acts cold to her when she comes back

anxious resistant

type of insecure attachment where the child remains close to mother and remains distressed despite her attempts to comfort the child

authoritarian

parenting that is low in warmth, strict discipline, communication from parent to child is high but child to parent is low, maturity expectations are high

kids can be moody, unhappy, fearful, withdrawn, irritable

permissive

parenting that is high in warmth, rarely disciplined, communication is low from parent to child but high from child to parent, maturity expectations are low

kids can be immature, impulsive, aggressive, never learn self control

authoritative

parenting that is high in warmth, moderate discipline, communication, negotiating, good parenting

kids are cheerful, socially competent, energetic, friendly, high self esteem

zygote

fertilized egg

germinal period

the first two weeks after conception

embryonic period

the period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop

fetal period

9 weeks to birth

teratogens

cause birth defects- ex: radiation, diseases, chemicals, drugs

babinski

Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched

rooting

a reflex in which a newborn turns its head in response to a gentle stimulus on its cheek

moro

reflex in which the baby throws its arms out, arching back and bringing the arms together as if to hold on to something

john watson

who founded the belief/view that pysch should restrict its efforts to studying obstacle behaviors, not mental processes

john watson

who claimed he could take any child and train him into becoming any type of specialist