Studied by 2 peopleimmigration
entering a country
migration
exiting a country
Types of migration
voluntary migration
forced migration
push and pull factors
effects of migration on host family
cheap+skilled labour, racism, segregation, job loss, diversity
effects of migration on origin
remittances, families left behind, brain drain
fertility rate
the number of children born alive to a women in her life time
things that effect fertility rate
education
family planning
status of women
age of consent
need for children
economic prosperity
child mortality
government policies
access to contraception
religion
health
r
replacement level fertility
the rate at which population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next
crude brith rate
number of live briths during the year per 1000 population
crude death rate
number of live death in a year per 1000 population
natural population increase
Crude death rate - crude birth rate
population projection
the prediction of population based on age and gender, with the current rates of mortality birth and migration
population momentum
the growth of population past replacement level fertility, because of high amounts of people in the children bearing years
doubling time
the amount it takes for a population to double , if I keeps increasing at the current rate
child dependency ratio
population 0-14/working age population 15-64
old age dependency ratio
population >64/ working population 15-64
total age dependency ratio
population aged 0-14 + population >64/wokring population 15-64
what is the dependency ratio
the ratio between those working and not, and measures the financial pressure on those that are
why has their been a population increase in LEDC’s
no/limited access to contraception
lack of education
high infant mortality rates
child labour
tradition —> big families
why is their an inrease in population in MEDC’s
birth policies
costs of having children
access to brith control
family planning
focus on career
status of women
demographic transition stages
stage 1: low population, high and fluctuating brith and death rate
stage 2: death rates decrease, birth rates high, population increasing
stage 3: population increasing, birth rates decreasing death rates low
stage 4: low death and birth rates, high population
stage 5: declining population, low birth and deaths
how are population pyramids made
population of a given area divided by age groups and genders
what can influence high dependency ratios
increasing life expectancy
falling death rates; medical advancements
rising birth rates
immigration of the dependents
immigration of the productive
limitations of the dependency ratio
not all 15-64 are working
in LEDC’s people below 15 are working
MEDC’s have people above 64 working
issues with ageing population
stress on retirement funds
stress on healthcare sector
high demand for housing, transport, services
could increase tax on small workforce
what can be done to increase fertility rates
raise retirement age
increase taxes
subsidies
social help
adjust laws and regulations: maternity leave, job guarantee
youthful population issues
lack of services for the young (education, care)
strain on food supplies
strain on accommodation
lack of job opportunities in future
axing population oppertunites
growing market for leisure and healthcare
high demand for housing in certain retirement locations
add experience to the work force
youthful population opportunities
large + cheap workforce
big working class—> large tax base
big workmen class —> big market for goods
antinatalist policies
encourage contraception use/ family planning
forced steralization
one child policies
access to education
pro natalist policies
subsidise day cares
child support
paid parental leave
tax benefits for families with children
gender inequality
a barrier to human development, female are still being discriminated against, in health, education, political representation and labour market
gender pay gap challenges
unpaid work: dominant carer in households
traditional family set up: women take maternity leave as men make more money and prioritise career
national policies: encourage more maturity leave
małe dominant industries: ław, surgeons, doctors etc…
human trafficking
illegal transportation and/or exploitation of people of human parts, for the purpose of forced labour or sexual exploitation
reason for human trafficking
forced labour
arranged marriage
sexual slavery
extractions of organs
ways to battle human trafficking
international treaties and policies
victim identification: have to ID them
provision of immediate protection and support
legal assistance and representation
demographic dividend
economic growth that may result from changes to a country’s age structure, bulge in adults
benefits of demographic dividend
can take in and employ more workers, more disposable income, decrease in fertility rates→ healthier women, fewer economic pressures at home, invest more resources per child, increase in GDP per capita
economic growth can only be reached if policies are placed
how are megacities characterised
cities with more than 10 millions people
social consequences of megacities
low standard of living
not enough housing
better access to healthcare
better education
overcrowded facilities
political consequences of megacities
pressures on facilities that need funding
more infrastructure needs to be built
government must improve sanitation
provide more energy facilities
economic consequences of megacities
infrastructure strain
job market pressures
income disparities
pressures on public services
investment oppertunities
real estate development boom
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environmental consequences of mega cities
increased air pollution
increase water pollution
deforestation
great energy use
increase waste
demographic consequences of megacities
higher costs of living
social inequality: crime rate, social unrest, disparities
increase competition for jobs → poverty
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