Geography Core units

immigration

entering a country

migration

exiting a country

Types of migration

voluntary migration

forced migration

• push and pull factors

effects of migration on host family

cheap+skilled labour, racism, segregation, job loss, diversity

effects of migration on origin

remittances, families left behind, brain drain

fertility rate

the number of children born alive to a women in her life time

things that effect fertility rate

• education

• family planning

• status of women

• age of consent

• need for children

• economic prosperity

• child mortality

• government policies

• access to contraception

• religion

• health

r

replacement level fertility

the rate at which population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next

crude brith rate

number of live briths during the year per 1000 population

crude death rate

number of live death in a year per 1000 population

natural population increase

Crude death rate - crude birth rate

population projection

the prediction of population based on age and gender, with the current rates of mortality birth and migration

population momentum

the growth of population past replacement level fertility, because of high amounts of people in the children bearing years

doubling time

the amount it takes for a population to double , if I keeps increasing at the current rate

child dependency ratio

population 0-14/working age population 15-64

old age dependency ratio

population >64/ working population 15-64

total age dependency ratio

population aged 0-14 + population >64/wokring population 15-64

what is the dependency ratio

the ratio between those working and not, and measures the financial pressure on those that are

why has their been a population increase in LEDC’s

• no/limited access to contraception

• lack of education

• high infant mortality rates

• child labour

• tradition —> big families

why is their an inrease in population in MEDC’s

• birth policies

• costs of having children

• access to brith control

• family planning

• focus on career

  • status of women

demographic transition stages

• stage 1: low population, high and fluctuating brith and death rate

• stage 2: death rates decrease, birth rates high, population increasing

• stage 3: population increasing, birth rates decreasing death rates low

• stage 4: low death and birth rates, high population

  • stage 5: declining population, low birth and deaths

how are population pyramids made

population of a given area divided by age groups and genders

what can influence high dependency ratios

• increasing life expectancy

• falling death rates; medical advancements

• rising birth rates

• immigration of the dependents

• immigration of the productive

limitations of the dependency ratio

• not all 15-64 are working

• in LEDC’s people below 15 are working

• MEDC’s have people above 64 working

issues with ageing population

• stress on retirement funds

• stress on healthcare sector

• high demand for housing, transport, services

  • could increase tax on small workforce

what can be done to increase fertility rates

• raise retirement age

• increase taxes

• subsidies

• social help

• adjust laws and regulations: maternity leave, job guarantee

youthful population issues

• lack of services for the young (education, care)

• strain on food supplies

• strain on accommodation

• lack of job opportunities in future

axing population oppertunites

• growing market for leisure and healthcare

• high demand for housing in certain retirement locations

• add experience to the work force

youthful population opportunities

• large + cheap workforce

• big working class—> large tax base

• big workmen class —> big market for goods

antinatalist policies

• encourage contraception use/ family planning

• forced steralization

• one child policies

• access to education

pro natalist policies

• subsidise day cares

• child support

• paid parental leave

• tax benefits for families with children

gender inequality

a barrier to human development, female are still being discriminated against, in health, education, political representation and labour market

gender pay gap challenges

• unpaid work: dominant carer in households

• traditional family set up: women take maternity leave as men make more money and prioritise career

• national policies: encourage more maturity leave

• małe dominant industries: ław, surgeons, doctors etc…

human trafficking

illegal transportation and/or exploitation of people of human parts, for the purpose of forced labour or sexual exploitation

reason for human trafficking

• forced labour

• arranged marriage

• sexual slavery

• extractions of organs

ways to battle human trafficking

• international treaties and policies

• victim identification: have to ID them

• provision of immediate protection and support

• legal assistance and representation

demographic dividend

economic growth that may result from changes to a country’s age structure, bulge in adults

benefits of demographic dividend

can take in and employ more workers, more disposable income, decrease in fertility rates→ healthier women, fewer economic pressures at home, invest more resources per child, increase in GDP per capita

economic growth can only be reached if policies are placed

how are megacities characterised

cities with more than 10 millions people

social consequences of megacities

• low standard of living

• not enough housing

• better access to healthcare

• better education

• overcrowded facilities

political consequences of megacities

• pressures on facilities that need funding

• more infrastructure needs to be built

• government must improve sanitation

• provide more energy facilities

economic consequences of megacities

• infrastructure strain

• job market pressures

• income disparities

• pressures on public services

• investment oppertunities

• real estate development boom

e

environmental consequences of mega cities

• increased air pollution

• increase water pollution

• deforestation

• great energy use

• increase waste

demographic consequences of megacities

• higher costs of living

• social inequality: crime rate, social unrest, disparities

• increase competition for jobs → poverty