Secondary reaction definitions

Define Chelation

bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions to form a ring structure known as a chelate.

Mainly used in nutrition (iron, copper)

Define Condensation

A reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule

The initiation of the Maillard reaction of amino acids with a carbonyl group of a reducing sugar. Produces imine/Schiff base

Can form a larger combined material that can have undesired effects on flavor as well as form carcinogens at even higher temps

Define Sedimentation

Particulates that settle out of the mixture.

Example are tannins forming (astringent taste). Can also happen in fermentations as spent yeast is settled out

Cross Esterification (Tishchenko reaction)

Dimerization of an aldehyde in the presence of a metal catalyst to form an ester. Eg: butyraldehyde to ethyl butyrate, acetaldehyde to ethyl acetate

Define trans-esterfication

Exchanging of a organic functional group in an ester with the organic group of an alcohol.

Makes fats more spreadable or formal amyl formate or butyl acetate. can be used to make glycerol

Define Interesterification

Internal esterification that occurs with hydroxy acid and alcohol to form a ring compound.

This is used to make Lactones (hydroxy acid forming an ester ring)

Define Cyclization

Formation of an chemical ring structure.

Makes more complex structures. Can form more than one ring

Define Seperation

splitting of immiscible liquids into layers.

Define Deamination

Removal of an amino group from an amino acid.
can form ammonia

Define Saponification (alkali hydrolysis)

base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester bond to form carboxylate salt (soap)

Great for making soap. Great at removing lipids that can contaminate.

Glyceryl stearate‐based fats react with sodium hydroxide to form sodium stearate (common soap) and glycerine

Macronutrient Interactions

Proteins interact with carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fiber, and water to influence calorie intake.

Define Neutralization

using heat or pH to neutralize/stop a reaction.

Define Metal ion complexation

a metal ion that has many other molecules/ions surrounding it.

by product of maillard reaction. Can cause bonding with materials creaing off notes (high heat and pH)

Define microbial degradation

micro organisms that contribute to the releases of amino acid or breaking down of complex substances (enzymes)

Define Reduction

Reactions in which a molecule is donated to another chemical.

essential in Maillard reactions of amino acid donating a molecule to become said aldehyde.

Define Salting out

When adding too much salt (ionic) that it lowers the solubility of a product causing compounds to fall out of the solution.

Can occur with amino acids (sediment)