Secondary reaction definitions

Define Chelation

o   bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions. Mainly used in nutrition (iron, copper)

Define Condensation

The initiation of the Maillard reaction of amino acids with a carbonyl group of a reducing sugar. Can form a larger combined material that can have undesired effects on flavor as well as form carcinogens at even higher temps

Define Sedimentation

Particulates that settle out of the mixture. Example are tannins forming (astringent taste). Can also happen in fermentations as spent yeast is settled out

Cross Esterification (Tishchenko reaction)

Dimerization of an aldehyde in the presence of a metal catalyst to form an ester. Eg: butyraldehyde to ethyl butyrate, acetaldehyde to ethyl acetate

Define trans-esterfication

Exchanging of a organic functional group in an ester with the organic group of an alcohol. Makes fats more spreadable or formal amyl formate or butyl acetate. can be used to make glycerol

Define Inter-esterfication

Internal esterification of a chemical. This is used to make Lactones (hydroxy acid forming an ester ring)

Define Cyclization

Formation of an aromatic ring. Makes more complex structures. Can form more than one ring

Define Seperation

When materials separate in liquid mixture such as oils floating to the top of a mixture. This however isn’t always bad as this method can be used for extracts.

Define Deamination

Removal of an amino group from and amino acid
can form ammonia

Define Saponification

Reaction is which molecules are broken to form a carboxylic acid or alcohol, fat with an alkali‐forming soap. Great for making soap. Great at removing lipids that can contaminate.

Glyceryl stearate‐based fats react with sodium hydroxide to form sodium stearate (common soap) and glycerine

Define Interaction

Reactions that happen within a flavor upon storage (over time). Things like oxidation, flavor loss ect. Can be mitigated with antioxidants or preservatives.

Define Neutralization

using heat or pH to neutralize enzymes or stop a reaction.

Define Metal ion complexation

by product of maillard reaction. Can cause bonding with materials creaing off notes (high heat and pH)

Define microbial degradation

micro organisms that contribute to the releases of amino acid or breaking down of protein (enzymes)

Define Reduction

Reactions in which a molecule is donated to another chemical. essential in Maillard reactions of amino acid donating a molecule to become said aldehyde.

Define Salting out

When adding too much salt (ionic) so that proteins begin falling out of water. Can occur with amino acids (sediment)