1.16 - neurophysiology II - action potentials and synaptic transmission

what does the movement of a dissolved, charged particle depend on?

what is Ohm’s law?

what factors make up Nersts potential?

how is K+ concentration related to resting membrane potential?

what does membrane potential of a cell depend on?

• goldman field equation is updated nernst potential equation that incorporates otehr ions

what does it mean if the membrane potential is close to the Nernst potential of a particular ion?

usually means that the membrane is more permeable to that ion

what does movement of charges particles across a membrane depend on?

explain how channels are dynamic

where in a neuron is an action potential generated?

what do action potentials require?

at rest does the cell have more K+ or Na+

• K+ is higher in the cell

• Na+ is higher outside the cell

describe what happens during step 1: resting membrane potential

describe what happens during step 2: depolarization

describe what happens during step 3: repolarization

what are the 2 gates on sodium-voltage-gated channels? how is each regulated?

how are postaasium voltage gated channels regulated?

describe the absolute refractory period

describe the relative refractory period

how are APs initiated?

depolarization

explain how APs are all or nothing events

explain why APs have constant amplitude

explain how fiber diameter changes speed of AP

larger diameter conducts APs faster than small fibers

describe A fibers

• size

• myelination

• speed

• function

describe B fibers

• size

• myelination

• speed

• function

describe C fibers

• size

• myelination

• speed

• function

describe continuous conduction

describe saltatory conduction

describe the chemical synapse

• what cells is it associated with

• what happens at the pre-synaptic neuron? cleft?

how are NT vesicles packaged? transported to synpase? 

what are the basic steps of NT release?

requirments of vesicle release

• must be quick

• must be highly regulated

name the molecules involved in vesicle release regulation

• vSNAREs

• tSNAREs

• complexins

• synaptotagmin

what are v-SNAREs?

what are t-SNAREs

what are complexins

what are synaptotagmins

explain the steps of vesicle release

explain how v-SNAREs and t-SNARES are used in botox

what are the mechanisms that remove NTs after release?

how can the effects of NTs vary?

what does NT behaviour depend on?

receptor type 

NT: acetylcholine (Ach: excite)

• behaivour 

• receptor

• signal 

NT: acetylcholine (Ach: inhibit)

• behaivour 

• receptor

• signal 

compare the different dunctions of Ach

NT: GABA (inhibit)

• behaivour 

• receptor

• signal 

NT: glutamate (excite)

• behaivour 

• receptor

• signal 

NT: glycine (inhibit)

• behaivour 

• receptor

• signal 

NT: norepi (excite)

• behaivour 

• receptor

• signal 

what is the most important inhibitory NT of the intracranial CNS?

GABA

what is the most important inhibitory NT of the spinal cord?

glycine

what is the most common excitatory NT of CNS?

what are the excitatory functions of norepi?

what happens when an NT binds to an inhibitory ionotropic receptor?

what happens when an NT binds to an excitatory ionotropic receptor?

what is the consequence of ionotropic receptor activation?

what are graded potentials? what are their propreties?

when can graded potentials become APs?

compare spatial and temporal summation of GPs

explain how neurons integrate signals

compare the origin of GPs vs APs

compare the types of channels of GPs vs APs

compare the amplitude/size of GPs vs APs

compare the duration of GPs vs APs

compare the polarity of GPs vs APs

compare the refractory period of GPs vs APs