globalization final

endogenous growth

in industrial age

• Invention of steam engine spurred more invention (innovation begets innovation)

• Kondratiev: major waves of technological developments every 50-60 years

diffusion

of industrialization in europe

• Gradual; not all countries had the foundation set for industrialization like Britain

  • Market for industrial products, access to coal, access to transport, industrial skills, technological knowledge

    • Literacy, numeracy

great global divergence

industrial age

• Dramatically increased gap between North Atlantic countries & everywhere else

  • Income, industrial production, military power

  • Gaps narrow in late 1900’s with rapid growth of India and China

asian drama

industrial age

• China avoided direct colonization but still faced military defeats and European encroachments on its sovereignty

  • Partially due to rejection of trade opportunities with Europe (Britain)

  • Ensuing wars and aftermath weakened Chinese economy

• India largely fell to British colonial exploitation

  • Challenges to rule → lack of consolidated support for a government → weakened strength of government rule

  • Britain turned India into a supplier of raw materials rather than an economic equal

• Japan industrialized and maintained its sovereignty, but its income growth was lower than Europe’s

  • Internal peace and pride in culture

anglo-american harmony

industrial age

• Britain solidifies position as an Imperial power

• Created major English-speaking offshoots as world powers/industrialized nations (US, Canada, Australia, NZ)

• 1800’s: US becomes the world’s largest economy

wars

industrial age

• Second Thirty-Years __ (WWs)

  • Struggle between German-speaking countries (mainly Germany and Austria) and the rest of Europe (mainly Britain, France, Russia)

• WWs were largely purposeless and irrational, demonstrate violence

• Still no real explanation for WWI

digital revolution

digital age

• Uptake of digital technologies: fastest tech change in history

  • Turing machine → transistor → integrated circuit

• Packet switching allows computers to communicate with each other

• Computer capability & connectivity drastically increased

• Increased speed for dissemination of information

• Machine intelligence?

  • Artificial neural networks

economic inequality

digital age challenge to sustainable development

• Gains from economic growth not evenly shared

• Technology creates new and further apart winners & losers in the marketplace

• Development challenges will likely be amplified in poorer countries (low-cost labor replaced with machines)

environmental crisis

digital age challenge to sustainable development

• Human-induced global warming resulting from the massive emission of heat-absorbing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere

  • Main contributor: burning fossil fuels

• Massive loss of biodiversity

  • ~1mil species under threat of extinction

  • Main contributor: massive conversion of land for agricultural production takes habitat from other species

• Mega-pollution of air, soil, freshwater, oceans

• Planetary boundaries

  • Climate change (from GHG emissions)

  • Biospheric integrity (genetic & functional diversity)

  • Land-system change (notably deforestation)

  • Freshwater use (heavily related to irrigation)

  • Biogeochemical flows (notably nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizer use)

  • Ocean acidification (from the high concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere)

  • Atmospheric aerosol loading (from burning fossil fuels and biomass)

  • Stratospheric ozone depletion (from the use of CFCs)

  • Novel entities (chemical pollutants eg. pesticides and plastics)

• I = P x A x T

  • Impact, population, affluence (GDP/capita), technology (impact/GDP)

extremely armed world

digital age challenge to sustainable development

• Each new age of globalization has typically been accompanied by war; we will have to make extreme peace building efforts to prevent this likely but not inevitable part of the transition into the Digital Age & beyond

• MAD could prevent some large-scale wars

casey/open borders

• The Schengen Agreement symbolizes the EU’s commitment to free movement, expanding since 1995.

• There is a growing trend toward securitization of immigration, complicating free movement.

• Contradictory policies exist, with some regions pursuing open borders while reinforcing external barriers.

• Open borders are presented as a long-term solution to migration issues rooted in globalization.

• While immediate implementation may be unrealistic, discussions should integrate open borders into mainstream policy debates.

• Emphasizing the moral and economic benefits could help foster acceptance and pave the way for future reforms.

UN Women

• Limited by accountability to large executive board with conservative countries

  • Neutral on sex work

• Generation Equality: organizations > states

  • Action coalitions with diverse stakeholders

  • Accountability? Real goals?

migration

recent changes

• States assumed human rights obligations preventing arbitrary expulsion and exit controls (Communist states maintained them).

• The expanding welfare state and democratic participation increased the potential cost of immigration, as immigrants had to be included in the polity.

demographics

• US: 43 million foreign-born (13.47% of population)

  • More foreign-born employed

• EU: 20 million immigrants (4.1% of population, 7% are native-born immigrants)

  • More native-born employed

global compact for migration

goals:

• We must build more inclusive societies that include migrants more fully, particularly in responding to global challenges like COVID-19

• We must create avenues for safe & regular migration, expanding pathways for humanitarian and labor migration, while combatting human smuggling & trafficking

• We must prevent the loss of life during the migration process

• We must build capacity in migration, expanding the work of the UN Network for Migration

migration puzzle

• The state remains the fundamental unit of political organization in the world.

• But the post-WWII era has seen growing international flows and multilateral institutionalization to manage these flows:

  • Trade, capital, communication

migration policy

substantive areas:

• Migration control: border enforcement & deportation

• Labor recruitment

• Freedom of movement

• Criminality in migration: migrant smuggling & human trafficking

• Migrant Rights

flows

• Modern migration __ are bilateral & unidirectional

• Every state as a unique migration profile

• Powerful destination states prefer the status quo of unilateralism that privileges their sovereignty, but cooperation may occur when:

  • The costs of maintaining the status quo increase

  • Sendings states locate an institutional venue where their numbers allow them to control the bargaining agenda

  • __ tend toward reciprocity (eg. GCC, EU)

kenny/climate change and globalization

• Low tariffs as a solution to spreading sustainable tech

• Global agreements and closer international ties, including reduced tariffs and financing for green technologies, are critical to accelerating the transition to a low-carbon global economy.

slaves

key features shared:

• Poverty

• Minority ethnicity or caste

• Foreign migration

• Isolation, lack of education/literacy, lack of a reasonable alternative