FSU BSC 1005 Living with Dinosaurs Exam Guide

Paleontologist

someone who studies "ancient organisms"

Paleobiology

the study of "ancient life" (of dinosaurs)

The first written accounts of dinosaurs were where?

China

Srcrotum humanum

The first proper scientific name given to a dinosaur remains.

- Megalosaur thigh bone;

Reverend William Buckland

credited with scientifically naming: the first scientifically valid Dino.

- Named is "Megalosaurus"

Cuvier

Discovered things can and do go extinct and did this by using the *Mosasaurus*

Richard Owen

Created the name "Dinosauria" or "fearfully great reptiles" in 1842

Thomas Jefferson

considered one of the founding fathers of paleontology

Thomas Jefferson

Which president was a Fossil Fanatic

- he was nicknamed "Mr. Mammoth"

Louis Dollo

First dinosaur *paleobiologist*

Deinonychus

Discovery by John Ostrum in 1964, shifted away from dino's being slow and lumber

Megalosaurus

- *First valid dinosaur*,

- people weren't excited b/c they were more fascinated w/possibility of 30 ft. crocodiles

Deinonychus

called "Terrible claw," a velociraptor.

-First Dino that interested people - start Dino renaissance

*Bakker* took the idea of the Deinonychus and ran with it (Claimed all Dinosaurs were physically like birds);

- interest in dinosaur research soared

What started the dinosaur renaissance?

Iguanodon

What was the first described herbivores dinosaur?

- (one of first dinosaurs ever found)

Iguana Tooth

What Does IGUANADON stand for?

Giddeon Mantell

Who discovered the IGUANADON?

Archosaurian reptiles

What includes crocodilians, pterosaurs and "dinosauromorphs?"

Archosaurian Reptiles

These are:

-Extinct flying reptiles; have teeth in sockets AND have erect posture

pterosaurs and "dinosauromorphs"

Which of the two relatives is the closest related to dinosaurs?

*Ornithischians* - "bird hips"

*Saurischians* - "lizard hips"

What are 2 Types of dinosaurs

Characteristics of: Ornithischians -- "bird hips"

pelvic bones shaped like those of birds; pubis pointed backward, *herbivorous*

Characteristic of: Saurischian -- "Lizard Hips"

Pelvic like lizards; pubis bone pointed forward (like T-Rex); *Carnivores*

Thyrephora + Cerapoda

What are the 2 Groups of Ornithischians:

Thyrephora Group

"shield bearers", herbivores,

- *Osteoderms* - Bones in skin

Ankylosaurs

"fused lizard"

Stegosaurus

What has leaf shaped teeth, olfactory bulbs

Saurischians -- "lizard hips"

pelvic like lizards; pubis pointed forward

- (Ex. T-Rex)

T-Rex

What is an example of a Saurischian?

Characteristics of: *Cerapoda Group* (Biggest)

spike thumbed iguanodonts,

duck bill,

bone heads,

horned dinosaurs

Spiked Thumbs - thought to be used for defense.

What was a UNIQUE Trait the Iguanadonts possessed and what were they used for?

*Ornithopoda Hadrosaurs* (duck bills) AND *Marginocephalia* (bone heads & horned Dinos)

What are the 2 subgroups of the *Cerapoda*

Heterodontosaurs

- Had two different kinds of teeth shaped like mammals,

- sexual dimorphism

Criss cross back and tail tendons;

Tail Teeter-totter

Forward prong on pubis (to anchor guts)

What are Key Characteristics of *Advanced Ornithopods*?

Hypsilophodonts; Iguanadonts; Hadrosaurs

What Groups made up the *Advanced Ornithopods*?

Very broad Duck-Like bill;

Dental Batteries composed of hundreds of tightly adjoining teeth.

Key Attributes of Hadrosaurs

Hadrosaurs

Common name = "duck bill" Dinosaurs.

-Dental batteries

Dental Batteries

composed of hundreds of tightly adjoining teeth;

- teeth were self sharpening

- Kind of teeth in *Hadrosaurs*

Duck Bill (Hadrosaurs)

We know more about what dinosaur than any other?

found lots of remains of *Trace Fossils* - eggs, nestlings, embryos, stomach contents, mummified specimens and coprolites

How do we know more about duck billed dinosaurs than any other?

Coprolite

Fossilized feces/poop

self sharpening teeth

What kind of teeth did the Duck-Billed HADROSAURS have?

Hadrosaur Crest/nose (top of head)

Picture Example:

Segnosaurs

Dinosaur that was the only herbivorous theropods and had scissor hands

Velociraptor; Maniraptoran Theropods

Birds Evolved From these.....

65.5 million years ago

How long ago did dinosaurs go extinct?

Use Uranium 235 which breaks down to Lead 207

What do we use to know how old dinosaurs are? What does it turn into?

Half-life

What is the amount of time it takes for half of the original material to break down?

-The world was warmer

-no ice at the poles

-like FL in middle latitudes

What was the climate in the age of the dinosaurs?

Ceratosaurs

AKA - *"Horned Lizard"* ;

- Type of theropod;

- gap between premaxilla and maxilla;

- cannibalistic;

- slow growth tissue like a crocodile

Osteoderm

(*armor on the skin*) - bony bumps on skin similar to those of alligators

What caused the continents to move?

*Plate tectonics* (volcanic seafloor spreading in the oceans)

plate tectonics

The movement of the continents driven by volcanic seafloor spreading.

Land (terrestrial)

What kind of animals were dinosaurs? Land or water?

Crocodile (deinosuchus)

-Picture that looks like a dinosaur head is actually what? (pg 25)

-also fed on dinosaurs

3700 lbs;

by the deinosuchus crocodile

The Biggest bite force of giant crocodile was what?

Plesiosaurs

What was the Loch Ness Monster?

At the *Time of the dinosaurs* - but were rat or weasel size

When did mammals appear?

*Trace fossils*: tracks, eggs, bite marks, coprolites(feces)

What are the best fossils to use and are also the #1 indicator in the field?

Dinosaurs DID NOT drag their tails

What do dinosaur tracks tell us?

NO

Did a T-Rex drag its tail?

BOTH - they were true cannibals

Were T-Rex's Predators or Scavengers?

Sedimentary rocks

In what kind of rocks are dinosaur fossils found?

RAPIDLY

Were Dinosaurs/animals buried rapidly or slowly?

No - Dinos in Florida

-In Georgia

Can you find dinosaurs in FL?

- Where's closest place we can find them?

Small

What size were the first dinosaurs?

Endocasts

How we know about the brain size of some dinosaurs?

Def. of *Endocasts*

Brain Casts formed by sediments that filled in the brain cavity during the fossilization process and became solidified

Ex: (how we know about Stegosaurs)

Geology

Paleontology was founded solely in what?

NO - currently don't know how to differentiate for sure

Do we know the sex of dinosaurs or which was bigger?

Sexual Dimorphism

there were considerable size differences between the sexes; the larger size had long canines

One

How many dinosaurs do we know the color of?

over-splitting

naming more species than really exist

Finite element models

computer modeling showing the biomechanical performance of the domes

ex: head on collision or flank butting model in Marginocephalia

Protoceratops; oviraptor - ("egg-robber")

- Found eggs near ________.

- Thought ________ stole the eggs. But actually it was their eggs they laid.

pachyrhinosaur; enormous horn

The dinosaur _______ boss on its head, was said to have a base that was for an _______

140ft (longer than Ruby Diamond)

How long were *Diplodocids*?

Apatosaurus

What was the most famous Diplodocid?

- *Brontosaurus*;

- *over-splitting*

(named Apatosaurus first so that's the name they kept)

Apatosaurus were also named _______ because they thought they were different.

This is called what ________ ?

- Sauroposeidon;

- 56

________ was the tallest dinosaur at ______ ft and is taller than Ruby Diamond

Sauropod

Dinosaur with nostrils on top of head?

Celeopisus

Dinosaur that showed crocodile remains in stomach?

Spinosaurus

Which dinosaur had its skeleton blown to smithereens in WWII when the British bombed the museum in Germany?

Coelurosauria

What is the Nastiest dinosaurs

Ornithomimosaurs

What is the Fastest dinosaur like an ostrich

Troodontids

What were the smartest dinosaurs?

Encephalization Quotient (EQ)

a measure of brain size relative to body mass

Dinosauroid

Theorized what a dinosaur would look like today if it had not gone extinct = an alien (pg 79)

Too many claws and its tail was on the ground

- only had 2 claws not 3

What was wrong with the first drawing of a T Rex?

Smell because of huge olfactory bulbs

T Rex's best sense?

Endocasts

T.rex had a great sense of smell which we know because of the _______.

T Rex

This dinosaur was cannibalistic, could only amble (not run), and acted like a scavenger and predator; stereoscopic vision

No, but they AMBLE

Could a T-Rex Run?

Gregarious; evidence shows they moved in herds

Are T Rex's loners or gregarious?

The Dinosaur Renaissance

What did the 1960s signal?

Mammal and reptile

Dinosaurs metabolism was a blend of what animals?

- they grew faster than reptiles

- appear to have grown like marsupials/mammals

What were the Growth rates of dinos?

40% to 80%

What percentage of life died 65.5 million years ago?

-volcanoes

-lowering in sea levels

-asteroid hitting (gulf of mexico)

What were the 3 theories of dinosaur extinction?

why birds, mammals, crocodiles, and frogs were not killed

What did the theories not explain?