Studied by 13 peopleFreud
________ said that only about one- tenth of our mind is conscious, and the rest of our mind is unconscious.
Immanuel Kant
________ developed a list of traits that could be used to describe the personality of a person from each of the four temperaments.
Conscientiousness
________: characterized by competence, self- discipline, thoughtfulness, and achievement- striving (goal- directed behavior)
Greek physician
________ and philosopher Galen suggested that both diseases and personality differences could be explained by imbalances in the fluids and that each person exhibits one of the four temperaments.
Agreeableness
________: the tendency to be pleasant, cooperative, trustworthy, and good- natured.
Bandura
________ suggested that whether we choose to imitate a models behavior depends on whether we see the model reinforced or punished.
Julian Rotter
________ proposed the concept of locus of control, another cognitive factor that affects learning and personality development.
Context
________: the behavior that occurs refers to the environment or situation, which includes rewarding /punishing stimuli.
Defense mechanisms
________: unconscious protective behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety.
Incongruence
________: when there is a great discrepancy between our ideal and actual selves; can lead to maladjustment.
Extrovert
________: a person who is energized by being outgoing and socially oriented.
narrowed down Allports list and identified 16 factors or dimensions of personality: warmth, reasoning, emotional stability, dominance, liveliness, rule- consciousness, social boldness, sensitivity, vigilance, abstractedness, privateness, apprehension, openness to change, self- reliance, perfectionism, and tension.
Raymond Cattell
Reactivity
________: how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli; self- regulation refers to our ability to control that response.
Behaviorists
________ view personality as significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.
Heritability
________: the proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.
Humanistic perspective
________: focuses on how healthy people develop.
Adler
________ proposed the concept of the inferiority complex.
Emotional Nonemotional
________: separated strong from weak emotions (the melancholic and choleric temperaments from the phlegmatic and sanguine)
unconscious motivation
He (Adler) emphasized conscious rather than ________, since he believed that the three fundamental social tasks are explicitly known and pursued.
Id
________: contains our most primitive drives or urges, and is present from birth.
Mischel
________ designed a study to assess self- regulation in young children (the marshmallow study)
Extroversion
________: characterized by sociability, assertiveness, excitement- seeking, and emotional expression.
Sanguine
________ person: joyful, eager, and optimistic.
Reaction formation
________: someone expresses feelings, thoughts, and behaviors opposite to their inclinations.
Jung
________ believed its a compromise between our true self and what society expects us to be.
Analytical psychology
________: focuses on working to balance opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought, and experience within ones personality.
Hans
Psychologists ________ and Sybil Eysenck were personality theorists who believed personality is largely governed by biology.
imagination
Openness to experience: characterized by ________, feelings, actions, and ideas.
Introvert
________: a person who may be quiet and reserved, or social, but their energy is derived from their inner psychic activity.
Cognitive processes
________: all characteristics previously learned, including beliefs, expectations, and personality characteristics.
Albert Bandura
________ presented a social- cognitive theory.
Hippocrates
________ theorized that personality traits and human behaviors are based on four separate temperaments associated with four fluids of the body: choleric temperament, melancholic temperament, sanguine temperament, and phlegmatic temperament.
Regression
________: an individual acts much younger than their age.
psychoticism
High on ________: tend to be independent thinkers, cold, nonconformists, impulsive, antisocial, and hostile.
Franz Gall
________, a German physician, proposed that the distances between bumps on the skull reveal a persons personality traits, character, and mental abilities.
Ego
________: the rational part of our personality; the part of our personality that is seen by others; balance the demands of the id and superego in the context of reality; operates on the "reality principle- "helps the id satisfy its desires in a realistic way.
Inferiority
________ complex: a persons feelings that they lack worth and dont measure up to the standards of others or of society.
Behavior
________: anything that we do that may be rewarded or punished.
immediate gratification
It directs impulses for hunger, thirst, and sex; operates on the "pleasure principle,- "seeks ________.
Neuroticism
________: the tendency to experience negative emotions.
Erikson
________ identified eight stages, each of which represents a conflict or developmental task.
Superego
________: develops as a child interacts with others, learning the social rules for right and wrong; acts as our conscience; is our moral compass that tells us how we should behave.
Selective migration
________: the concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs.
TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test
________: a tool designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups, especially Hispanic youths; uses images and storytelling cues that relate to minority culture.
Personality
________: the long- standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways.
Carl Jung
________ developed his theory, analytical psychology.
Skinner
________ argued that personality develops over our entire life, not only in the first few years.
B F Skinner
________ believed that environment was solely responsible for all behavior, including the enduring, consistent behavior patterns studied by personality theorists.
Projection
________: a person refuses to acknowledge her own unconscious feelings and instead sees those feelings in someone else.
Congruence
________: when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar; when our self- concept is accurate**
Personality
the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways
choleric temperament, melancholic temperament, sanguine temperament, and phlegmatic temperament
Hippocrates theorized that personality traits and human behaviors are based on four separate temperaments associated with four fluids of the body
Choleric person
passionate, ambitious, and bold
Melancholic person
reserved, anxious, and unhappy
Sanguine person
joyful, eager, and optimistic
Phlegmatic person
calm, reliable, and thoughtful
emotional/nonemotional and changeable/unchangeable
However, Wundt suggested that a better description of personality could be achieved using two major axes
Emotional/Nonemotional
separated strong from weak emotions (the melancholic and choleric temperaments from the phlegmatic and sanguine)
Changeable/unchangeable
divided the changeable temperaments (choleric and sanguine) from the unchangeable ones (melancholic and phlegmatic)
The unconscious
mental activity of which we are unaware and are unable to access
Repression
a process that keeps unacceptable urges and desires in our unconscious
our biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives versus our internal (socialized) control over these drives
According to Freud, our personality develops from a conflict between two forces
Imagine three interacting systems within our minds
the id, ego, and superego
Id
contains our most primitive drives or urges, and is present from birth
It directs impulses for hunger, thirst, and sex; operates on the "pleasure principle,"
seeks immediate gratification
Superego
develops as a child interacts with others, learning the social rules for right and wrong; acts as our conscience; is our moral compass that tells us how we should behave
The ego finds the middle ground
It helps satisfy the ids desires in a rational way that will not lead us to feelings of guilt
Defense mechanisms
unconscious protective behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety
Repression
anxiety-causing memories from consciousness are blocked
Reaction formation
someone expresses feelings, thoughts, and behaviors opposite to their inclinations
Regression
an individual acts much younger than their age
Projection
a person refuses to acknowledge her own unconscious feelings and instead sees those feelings in someone else
Oral stage (birth to 1 year)
pleasure is focused on the mouth
Anal stage (1-3 years)
children experience pleasure in their bowel and bladder movements
Phallic stage (3-6 years)
children become aware of their bodies and recognize the differences between boys and girls
Latency period (6 years to puberty)
this period is not considered a stage, because sexual feelings are dormant as children focus on other pursuits
Genital stage (from puberty on)
there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface
Individual psychology
focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority
Inferiority complex
a persons feelings that they lack worth and dont measure up to the standards of others or of society
occupational tasks (careers), societal tasks (friendship), and love tasks (finding an intimate partner for a long-term relationship)
With these ideas, Adler identified three fundamental social tasks that all of us must experience
Analytical psychology
focuses on working to balance opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought, and experience within ones personality
Collective unconscious
a universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us
Archetypes
ancestral memories
extroversion and introversion
Jung proposed two approaches toward life
Extrovert
a person who is energized by being outgoing and socially oriented
Introvert
a person who may be quiet and reserved, or social, but their energy is derived from their inner psychic activity
Moving toward people
relies on affiliation and dependence
Moving against people
relies on aggression and assertiveness
Moving away from people
centers on detachment and isolation
Social-cognitive theory
emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality
Reciprocal determinism
cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact, each factor influencing and being influenced by the others simultaneously
Cognitive processes*
all characteristics previously learned, including beliefs, expectations, and personality characteristics
Behavior
anything that we do that may be rewarded or punished
Context
the behavior that occurs refers to the environment or situation, which includes rewarding/punishing stimuli
Self-efficacy
our level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through our social experiences
Locus of control
our beliefs about the power we have over our lives
Internal locus of control
believe that most of our outcomes are the direct result of our efforts
External locus of control
believe that our outcomes are outside of our control
Self-regulation
will power
Humanistic perspective
focuses on how healthy people develop
Note 
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