NEW Chapter 7 EMT Basic

infant

1 month to 1 year
grow 1 ounce a day
2x 4-6 months
3x by 1 year old
belly breathing
airway obstruction
oversize occiput
higher flexibility of trachea
infant's limited ability to reposition themselves -> must preserve ABCs

fontanelles

areas where child's skull has not fused together
gaps are connected by flexible fibrous tissue
head changes during birth and over time

what do toddler and preschooler have in common

loss of passive immunity because interacting with other children
develop antibodies for acquired immunity
maturation of renal system (toilet training)
need more oxygen
learn muscles and expansive nervous system through activities such as running, playing
fine and motor skills

school-age

6-12 years
weight and height gain
permanent teeth
reasoning
self concept and esteem

early adult

19-40 years old
harder to lose weight
lose muscle strength and reflex
traditional roles but stressful
low metabolism
can decline weight

middle adult

41-60 years ago
menopause
weight control difficulties
hypertension, diabetes
higher cancel risk
care for children and older parents

older adult

61 and older
living longer than ancestors
eating better and exercising regularly

cardiovascular system for adults

atherosclerosis
lower heart rate and cardiact output
cardiact muscle weakens
in illness, heart rate increases to preserve blood pressure which can cause damage
heart must work harder to pump blood in body
bone marrow decreases and replaced with fatty tissue -> harder for body to manufacture red blood cells
harder for blood vessels to dilate and contract

respiratory system in adults

atherosclerosis
lower heart rate and cardiact output
cardiact muscle weakens
in illness, heart rate increases to preserve blood pressure which can cause damage
heart must work harder to pump blood in body
bone marrow decreases and replaced with fatty tissue -> harder for body to manufacture red blood cells
harder for blood vessels to dilate and contract

digestive system in adults

harder to chew
lose flavor in food
senses response fades
extraction of vitamins and minerals from digested food can wane
low saliva -> harder to break down carbs
peristalsis slows

renal system adults

kidneys decrease 20%

nephrons produce less blood in kidneys

filtration capacities decrease by 50%

remove of waste and conservation of fluids decrease

nervous system adults

lose 10-20% of brain weight
mental function declines
peripheral nervous system slows
reduce # of neurons
shrinkage of blood leaves empty space between brain and meninges which can bleed

how is peripheral nervous system affected in adulthood

slower reaction and misinterpretation to senses
slower reflexes
higher risk of fall and trauma

vision changes in adulthood

visual distortions
thickening of lens, especially up close
sensitivity to glares
pupils get smaller
sluggish to light

the younger the person

the faster the breaths and pulse

what happens to blood pressure over time

increases

because head is 25% of weight for neonates and infants

usually land headfirst when they fall

more likely for head injury

prior to blood where does blood supply come from for neonatal

placenta

what is the leading cause of death for neonate and infants

birth defects

infants less than 6 months

higher risk of nasal congestion and viral upper respiratory infections

comparison of infants and adults

infant's tongue is greater than adult's tongue

infant's airway is shorter and narrower

infants oxygen

usually low but when stressed can be life-threatening will struggle to breathe, overheated, dehydrated

depressed fontanelle

dehydration

bulging fontanelle

increased pressure inside cranium

2 months

track objects and recognize familiar faces

6 months

sit upright, cooing and babbling

12 months

walk and know their name

immune system for infants

in womb -> mother's antibodies breastmilk

how do infants communicate

crying

anxious-avoidant attachment

recurring rejection show little emotional response to parents/caregivers as the same as a stranger

when is separation anxiety

10-18 months

SBP for adolescent

90-100mmHG

pulse for adolescent

60-100 beats/min

growth spurt order for adolescent

hands and feet, extremities, then torso

SBP for early adults

90-120mmHG

pulse for early adults

70 beats per minute

neurons for adults and infants

adult brain is more flexible -> number of interconnections increase in age adults produce redudancies with loss of neuron but don't lose the knowledge or skill infants have more neurons

consequence of living facilities

proximity of residents spread of contagious disease no social distancing