BIO 208 Laboratory Exercises for Week 7

Identify the major organs of the digestive system:

- mouth

- salivary glands

- pharynx

- esophagus

- liver

- gallbladder

- stomach

- pancreas

- small intestine

- large intestine

- anus

Identify the following layers of the GI tract:

- mucosa

- submucosa

- muscularis (muscular layer)

- serosa

Identify the following structures of the peritoneal folds:

- lesser omentum

- mesocolon

- greater omentum

- parietal peritoneum

- mesentery

- visceral peritoneum

falciform ligament

greater omentum

part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and to the colon and covering the intestines

lesser omentum

attaches stomach to liver

mesentery

a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

mesocolon

extension of the mesentery that anchors the colon to the posterior abdominal wall

parietal peritoneum

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

visceral peritoneum

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

peritoneal cavity

space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

retroperitoneal organs

located outside, or posterior to, the peritoneum

includes most of pancreas, duodenum, and parts of large intestine

Identify the following structures of the oral cavity:

- cheek

- fauces

- gingivae

- hard palate

- soft palate

- inferior labial frenulum

- inferior lip

- superior lip

- palatine tonsil

- tongue

- uvula

- vestibule

Identify the following structures of the pharynx:

- esophagus

- nasopharynx

- oropharynx

- laryngopharynx

Identify the following structures of the stomach:

- lesser curvature

- body

- cardia

- lower esophageal sphincter

- fundus

- longitudinal muscle layer

- circular muscle layer

- oblique muscle layer

- greater curvature

- pyloric antrum

- pyloric canal

- pyloric sphincter

- pylorus

- gastric folds (rugae)

ascending colon

descending colon

transverse colon

sigmoid colon

last segment of the colon

right before the anus

anal column

a longitudinal fold in the mucous membrane of the anal canal that contains a network of arteries and veins

appendix

cecum

a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines

external anal sphincter

skeletal muscle, voluntary

internal anal sphincter

smooth muscle, involuntary

duodenum

first portion of the small intestine

shortest section

resembles the shape of a "C"

receives food through the pyloric sphincter

(A in this image)

ileum

the last section of the small intestine

about 6 feet long

ends at the ileal orifice

(C in this image)

jejunum

middle section of the small intestine

3 feet long

thicker layer of smooth muscle

(B in this image)

epiploic appendages

also called omental (fatty) appendages

fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum that hang from the teniae coli

haustra

pouches of the large intestine that allow expansion and elongation

ileocecal sphincter

band of muscle that encircles the junction of ileum and cecum

left colic flexure

point where the transverse colon curves below the inferior end of the spleen

right colic flexure

the right-angle turn that continues from the ascending colon

rectum

right after the sigmoid colon, before the anal canal

teniae coli

three separate bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis

Identify the following glands of the mouth:

- parotid gland

- sublingual gland

- submandibular gland

Identify the following structures of a tooth:

- apical foramen

- blood supply

- cementum

- crown

- dentin

- enamel

- gingiva

- neck

- nerve

- periodontal ligament

- pulp cavity with pulp

- root

- root canal

Identify the following teeth of the mouth:

- cuspids

- incisors

- molars

- premolars

Identify the following structures of the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder:

- accessory pancreatic duct

- head of the pancreas

- body of the pancreas

- tail of the pancreas

- common bile duct

- common hepatic duct

- cystic duct

- duodenal papilla

- duodenum

- gallbladder

- hepatopancreatic ampulla

- jejunum

- left hepatic duct

- right hepatic duct

- left lobe of the liver

- right lobe of the liver

- pancreatic duct

Identify the following structures on a histological image of the wall of the esophagus:

- stratified squamous epithelium

- lamina propria

- muscularis mucosae

- mucosa

- submucosa

- circular layer

- longitudinal layer

- adventitia

histology of serosa

Identify the following structures on a histological image of the fundic mucosa of the stomach:

- gastric glands

- gastric pit

- lamina propria

- simple columnar epithelium

9 - gastric pit

10 - simple columnar epithelium

11 - lamina propria

12 - gastric glands

Identify the following structures on a histological image of the duodenum of the small intestine:

- simple columnar epithelium

- goblet cell

- villus

- intestinal gland

- duodenal gland

lamina propria of duodenum histology

Histology of the pancreas:

- acini

- pancreatic islet (islet of Langerhans)

Identify the following structures of the histology of the liver:

- central vein

- hepatocytes

- hepatic sinusoid

21 - hepatocyte

22 - hepatic sinusoid

23 - central vein

Bile is stored in the _____.

gallbladder

During swallowing, the _____ prevents food and fluid from entering the nasopharynx.

soft palate

The esophagus function in:

propulsion