Chapter 4: Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity

Behavior geneticists

________ can estimate the heritability of a trait through math.

Androgyny

________: displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics.

Intersex individuals

________ may be born with unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy.

Environmental factors

________ such as diet, drugs, and stress can affect the epigenetic molecules that regulate gene expression.

Heredity

________: the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring.

Genome

________: the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organisms chromosomes.

Hormones

________ trigger a period of dramatic physical change during adolescence, when boys and girls enter puberty.

Evolutionary psychologists

________ use Charles Darwins principle of natural selection to understand the causes of behavior and mental process such as.

Nurture

________ and nature is the biological reality of early childhood learning.

Heterosexual men

________ are alert for womens interests.

Cultures

________ shape our behaviors by defining how we ought to behave in a particular social role.

Genes

________: the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins.

Fraternal

________ (dizygotic) twins develop from two separate fertilized eggs.

Females

________ tend to be more interdependent.

Puberty

________: the period of sexual maturation, when a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Gender

________: in psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman.

Girls

________ and womens friendships are more intimate, with more conversation that explores relationships.

neural pathways

Experience activates and strengthens some ________ while others weaken from disuse.

Individualists

________ do have a human need to belong.

nongenetic influence

Environment: every ________, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.

Interaction

________: the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

Transgender

________: an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth- designated sex.

psychology

Sex: in ________, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

Social Script

________: a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Menarche

________: the first menstrual period Sexual Development Variations.

martial status

Voting rights, job choices, ________, and deployment in the military.

genetic success

Nature selects behaviors that increase ________ Crituiding the Evolutionary Perspective.

social learning theory

The ________ thinks we acquire our identity in childhood, by observing and imitating others and being rewarded or punished in certain ways.

Darwins theory of evolution

________ has become a base of principles in biology.

Brain scans

________ suggest that a womans brain, is wired in a way that enables social relationships more then mens The Nature of Gender: Our Biological Sex.

Chromosomes

________: threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

Gender Typing

________: the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Molecular Behavior Genetics

________: the study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior.

Transgender children

________ typically view themselves in terms of their expressed gender rather than their birth designated sex.

Testosterone

________: the most important male sex hormone.

Secondary Sex

________: characteristics nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

Heritability

________: the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes.

Mutation

________: a random error in gene replication that leads to a change.

Norm

________: an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior.

DNA

________ (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Physiologically males

________ and females have differing concentrations of sex hormones, which trigger other anatomical differences.

Basic intelligence

________ is 66 % genetic.

Nomadic societies of food gathering people

________ have had little division of labor by sex.

Evolutionary Psychology

Epigenetics:"above "or "in addition to "(epi) genetics; the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change ________: Understanding Human Nature.

Brain Development

We are formed by nature and nurture Experience and ________.

Primary Sex

________: characteristics the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

Genetic Relatives

________: biological parents and siblings.