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Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Food is broken down into small parts.
These parts enter the cycle and help make energy (ATP) and release carbon dioxide.
Energy carriers (NADH and FADH₂) are made to help produce even more energy later.
Arctic circulation
Dense cold water sinks and increases in salinity and sinks which then travel to the southern ocean to mix and finishes its cycle when upwelling causes the deep ocean water to rise and pushed by surface currents when warmer into the arctic
cofactor
a non-protein compound or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme.
nitrogen fixation
process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use
Eutrophication
A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.
Osmoconformers
An organism that allows its internal salt concentration to change with the salinity of the surrounding water
Osmoregulators
An organism that actively control their internal water and solutes to maintain a constant internal osmotic balance
Gill-Oxygen Limitation Theory
Posits that a mismatch in oxygen supply and demand stemming from geometric constraints on gill surface area limits metabolic rate and energy available for biological processes
Bergmann Rule
body size is large in cold climates and small in warm climates. Large bodies have a smaller surface area to volume ratios.
poikilotherms
organisms that do not have constant body temperatures
temperature-size rule
The generally supported rule which states that ectothermic animals that develop under warm conditions tend to grow faster, mature earlier, but are smaller at maturation compared to animals that develop under cool conditions.
anthropogenic
Human-induced changes on the natural environment
Latent Heat
Energy is absorbed or released during a change of state without a change in temperature
Van Der Waals Force
weak intermolecular forces that arise from temporary or permanent changes in the distribution of electrons in atoms or molecules.
intermolecular
The forces of attraction or repulsion between neighboring particles
intramolecular
The forces holding atoms together within a molecule. Includes covalent and ionic bonds.
Dispersion Forces (also known as London dispersion forces)
weak intermolecular forces that arise from temporary shifts in electron probability locations within molecules, leading to temporary dipoles or separation of positive and negative charges.
Henry’s Law
states that at a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid.
Brine Rejection
occurs during the freezing of seawater, where salt is expelled from the ice crystals into the surrounding water, increasing the salinity of the remaining liquid.
The ocean's carbonate buffer system
helps maintain stable pH levels in seawater by balancing carbonate and bicarbonate ions, mitigating acidification from CO2 absorption.
Water’s Density Anomaly
refers to the phenomenon that water is most dense at 4 degrees Celsius, causing ice to be less dense and float on liquid water.
Albedo’s effect
is the measure of reflectivity of a surface, particularly on Earth, where ice reflect more sunlight, influencing climate and temperature of the ocean.
Interal waves
Waves occurring along a pycnocline similar to surface waves, contributing to mixing between layers.They play an important role in the distribution of heat, nutrients, and biological productivity in the ocean.
Rayleigh Scattering
the scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light. This phenomenon causes the blue color of the sky, as shorter wavelengths of light (blue) are scattered more than longer wavelengths (red) when sunlight passes through the atmosphere.
Mie scattering
is the scattering of light by larger particles. It affects the color and clarity of the sky, particularly during sunrise and sunset, when the light has to pass through more atmosphere.
Grotthuss mechanism
The process by which a proton hops between water molecules during the conduction of protons in water, leading to the efficient transfer of protons in solutions.