1: Intro to the Human Body

up

In Anatomy ana- means ___

process of cutting

In Anatomy -tomy means ___

Anatomy

Science of body structures and the relationships among them.

apart

The dis- in dissection means ____

Dissection

Anatomy was first studied by _______; the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.

nature

phsyio in Physiology means ______

Physiology

Science of body functions - how the body part works

6

How many levels are there in body’s structural organization?

11

How many systems are in the body?

Embryology

Study of the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of human body.

Developmenta biology

Study of the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death

Cell biology

Study of cellular structure and functions

Histology

Study of microscopic structure of tissues

Gross Anatomy

Study of structures that can be examined without a microscope

Systemic Anatomy

Study of structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems

Regional Anatomy

Study of the specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

Surface Anatomy

Study of surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch).

Imaging anatomy

Study of body structures that can be visuaizaed with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, and CT scans

Pathological anatomy

Study of structural changes (gross microscopic) associated with disease

Neurophysiology

Study of functional properties of nerve cells

Endocrinology

Study of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.

Cardiovascular physiology

Study of functions of the heart and blood vessels.

Immunology

Study of the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents.

Respiratory physioogy

Study of functions of the air passageways and lungs

Renal physiology

Study of functions of the kidneys

Exercise physiology

Study of changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

Pathophysiology

Functional changes associated with disease and aging

Chemical Level

Very basic level can be compared to the letters of the alphabet and includes atoms

Atoms

The smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions

Molecules

Two or more atoms joined together

DNA

Genetic material passed from one generation to another

Glucose

aka blood sugar

Cellular level

Molecules combine to form cells.

Cells

The basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.

Tissues

Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.

Epithelial tissue

Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and form glands.

Connective tissue

Connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues.

Muscular tissue

Contracts to make body parts move and generates heat.

Nervous tissue

Carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses.

Organs

Are structures that are composed of one or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.

Organism

Any living individual, can be compared to a book in our analogy

Skin and associated structures (hair, fingernails, and toenails, sweat glands and oil glands)

Components of integumentary system

Integumentary system

Protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation.

Bones and joints and their associated cartilages

Components of skeletal system

Skeletal system

Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells'; stores minerals and lipids

Noninvasive diagnostic technique

One that does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening.

Inspection

The examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal.

Palpation

The examiner feels body surfaces with the hands.

Ausculation

The examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functions of certain organs, often using a stethoscope to amplify the sounds.

Percussion

The examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting sound.

Metabolism

Is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

Catabolism

The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.

Anabolism

The buildup of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.

Muscular System

Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat.

Nervous system

Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interpret changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

Brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs, such as eyes and ears

Components of nervous system

Endocrine system

Regulates body activities by releasing hormones

Hormones

Chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ

Hormone producing glands

Components of endocrine system

Hypothalamus

Pineal gland

Pituitary gland

Thymus

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

What are the hormone-producing glands?

Lymphatic system

Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains site of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes.

Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells and others)

Components of lymphatic system

Cardiovascular system

Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature and water content of body fluids.

Blood, heart and blood vessels

Components of the heart

Respiratory system

Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.

Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes

Components of Respiratory system

Digestive system

Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes.

Gonads

Produce gametes (Sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism

Urinary System

Produces, stores and eliminates urine

Responsiveness

Body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.

Nerve impulses

Electrical signals (action potential)