Human Anatomy Lecture 4

What are the three branches of the celiac trunk?

1. Splenic Artery

2. Left Gastric

3. Common hepatic

What are some functions of the spleen.

The spleen is like a big lymph node it filters out old red blood cells “red blood cells graveyard”

Describe cholecystectomy

Removal of gallbladder

Describe bile function

Greenish/brown fluid produced by the liver, helps digest fat soluble vitamins (K,A,D, E)

Define Pyrosis

“Burning” Heartburn

Describe a gastric ulcer.

Sore that appears on the lining of the stomach. Usually caused by bacteria– H Pylori

The superior mesenteric supplies blood to:

• Cecum

• Ascending colon

• Right colic flexure

• ⅔ of transverse

• Small intestines (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)

Describe Referred Pain (p142)

Pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus

Six f’s that may cause enlarged abdomen (p. 142)

1. Food

2. Fat

3. Fetus

4. Fluid

5. Feces

6. Flatulence

Describe peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritoneum. Sudden, severe belly pain is a common symptom

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to

• ⅓ of transverse

• Left colic flexure

• Descending colon

• Sigmoid colon

• Rectum

Describe an abdominal aortic aneurysm

Abnormal widening in a portion of an artery that weakens a vessel or wall

Describe laparoscopy benefits and drawbacks.

Benefits: Smaller incision, faster recovery.

Drawbacks: With obesity, may not be able to see things as well

Describe pancreatitis.

Inflammation of the pancreas. Occurs when pancreatic enzymes (trypsin) that digest food activate in the pancreas instead of the small intestines

Describe hiatal hernia.

When the stomach protrudes through the esophageal hiatus.

Which two major veins lack valves?

Vena Cava and Hepatic Portal System.

Where the majority of the nutrients are absorbed.

Small intestine

Where most of the fluid is removed in digestion?

Large intestine

Which are the only two organs attached to the ANTERIOR abdominal wall?

Liver and Urinary Bladder

Describe Jaundice.

Yellowish pigmentation of the skin and the sclera.

Bilirubin Details

It’s normal for everyone to have low levels of bilirubin in their blood. As bilirubin builds up it deposits on the fatty tissue under the skin causing the skin and sclera to appear yellow.

How is bilirubin made?

hemoglobin breakdown

Name four common liver disease:

1. Hepatitis

2. Cirrhosis (no cure)

3. Gallstones

4. Cancer

Where and onto what vessels are kidney transplants attached?

External Iliac artery and vein.

Define lithotripsy

Ultrasound into the kidneys to break up stones.

What are the Four Types of Kidney Stones?

Calcium oxalate

Uric acid

Struvite

Cystine

Calcium oxalate Kidney Stones

Most common. Calcium combines with oxalate in the urine. Caused from inadequate calcium and fluid intake as well as other conditions.

Uric acid Kidney Stones

Another common type of kidney stones. Familial. High purine intake leads to a higher production of monosodium urate, which under the right conditions, may form stones in the kidneys.

Struvite Kidney Stones

Less common. Caused by infection in the upper urinary tract.

Cystine Kidney Stones

These stones are rare. Familial. Reoccur, larger than kidney stones. Caused by a rare disorder, “Cystinuria,” natural substance cystine leaks into your urine– too much cystine– kidney stones form

Renal Hilus

Medial border of the kidney where the ureter, renal artery and vein enter and exit the kidney.

Layers of the abdomen, superficial to deep

1. Skin

2. Superficial fascia

3. External oblique— External oblique aponeurosis

4. Internal oblique– Internal oblique aponeurosis with rectus abdominis

5. Transversus abdominis

6. Transversalis fascia

7. Subserous fat

8. Peritoneum

The borders of the inguinal triangle.

• Inguinal ligament

• Inferior epigastric artery

• Linea Semilunaris/ Rectus abdominis

Describe cryptorchidism

crypto= hidden

Orchia= testicle

Absence of one or more testes in the scrotum. Found anywhere in the path descent

Gubernaculum

Males: upper part degenerates; lower part turns into the scrotal ligament which secures testis to bottom of scrotum.

Females: two vestigial remnants– ovarian ligament and round ligament, which support ovaries and uterus to the pelvis.

Hernia Direct Type

• Passes directly through the abdominal wall through the inguinal canal.

• Herniated mass is Not within the internal spermatic fascia.

• Passes up to superficial inguinal ring.

• More frequent in older men (wall weakens as we age).

Hernia Indirect Type

• Passes through the deep inguinal ring.

• Herniated mass is within the internal spermatic fascia.

• Passes through the superficial inguinal ring.

• More frequent in young males (as the testis descend through the inguinal canal it takes time to close so intestinal material sometimes will follow.)

Seminiferous tubules:

Where sperm is produced

Epididymis:

Where sperm is stored until they mature.

Seminal vesicle:

Provides most of the ejaculate fluid. Fluid nourishes sperm and helps with motility (movement).

Prostate:

Contributes some fluid to the ejaculate

Cowper’s (Bulbourethral) Gland:

produces fluid. Helps to neutralize acidity from drops of urine still in the urethra

Describe benign prostatic hypertrophy

Enlargement of the prostate gland. Normal part of aging

What is the importance of the levator ani muscle.

Supports the viscera in the bottom of the pelvic cavity.

Medial umbilical ligament:

formerly umbilical arteries

Median umbilical ligament:

Formerly the urachus. The urachus takes urine from the fetus to the mother via the umbilical cord

Inferior epigastric artery comes off the ?

External Iliac Artery