UNIT 4 AOS 2 PTB

What is the overall goal of the WHO?

To promote, provide, and protect health and wellbeing for all people, everywhere.

What are the 3 goals of the WHO?

1. Promote health: Healthier populations

2. Provide health: Universal health coverage

3. Protect health: Health emergencies

What are the objectives of the WHO goals?

• Promote: Climate change response, address health determinants & main causes of ill health.

• Provide: Advance primary health care/capacities, improve coverage & financial protection (inequality/gender).

• Protect: Prevent/mitigate hazards, rapidly detect & respond to emergencies.

Define Promote health: Healthier populations

Involves building health systems resilient to climate-related diseases and addressing factors where people are born/live to ensure good health and wellbeing.

Define Provide health: Universal health coverage

Refers to having access to high-quality health services/trained health workers, regardless of where people live, and ensuring healthcare is affordable for all.

Define Protect health: Health emergencies

Refers to reducing risks by developing better detection/prevention for new diseases, keeping the world safe from epidemics/emergencies, while ensuring quick access to essential services and real-time information.

What is humanitarian assistance?

Short-term emergency aid (like food, water, and medical care) provided to people affected by disasters or conflicts.

What are the 3 types of aid?

• Bilateral aid

• Multilateral aid

• Aid provided by NGOs

What is bilateral aid, its purpose, and an example?

• Definition: Aid provided by the government of one country to the government of another country

• Purpose: Reduce poverty, promote long-term sustainable development, support self-sufficiency.

• Examples: Build a school; fund community immunisation.

Advantages and disadvantages of bilateral aid

• Advantages: Refer to purposes.

• Disadvantages: Risky if recipient government is corrupt; often focuses on urban areas and neglects remote/poorest people.

What is multilateral aid, its purpose, and an example?

• Definition: Aid provided through international organisations (World Bank, WHO, UN), combining funds from many countries support countries in need

• Purpose: Reduce poverty, achieve health equity, and promote long-term sustainable development

• Examples: Global warming, controlling diseases (COVID-19), sanitation infrastructure

Advantages and disadvantages of multilateral aid

• Advantages: Greater budgets and reach than individual countries for massive global programs.

• Disadvantages: None.

What is aid provided by NGOs, its purpose, and an example?

• Definition: Providing aid that is independent of governments, using public/gov funding for small community-based projects

• Purpose: Address poverty by meeting community needs and promoting community development/participation

• Examples: Women/girls’ leadership skills, safe drinking water/sanitation in villages

Advantages and disadvantages of aid provided by NGOs

Advantages:

• Strong local trust

• Access to remote/conflict regions

• Understanding of community poverty causes
  
  

Disadvantages:

• None

Are NGOs and international organisations the same thing?

No, they are not.

What does Australia’s aid program aim to achieve?

Managed by DFAT, aims to reduce poverty and promote peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region, guided by SDGs.

What does Australia’s aid program focus on?

• Gender equality

• Climate change

• Human rights issues

Why does Australia work with partners to deliver aid?

• Maximise impact/reach of developmental activities

• Avoid duplication of efforts and programs

• Leverage experience/innovation from partnerships

• Ensure Indo-Pacific needs are represented internationally

What are the types of Australian aid partnerships?

• Bilateral partnerships

• Multilateral agencies

• Local communities/civil society

• Other government departments

• Universities

• Business

• Non government agencies

Bilateral partnerships (Australian aid partnerships)

Australia provides direct work/aid with foreign governments to combine resources/expertise, improving delivery, impact, and sustainability.

Multilateral agencies (Australian aid partnerships)

Working with UN/World Bank; large size extends Australia's reach for large-scale targeted projects.

Local communities or civil society (Australian aid partnerships)

Working with local groups to ensure local/minority needs are met, promoting sustainable development and service delivery.

Other government departments (Australian aid partnerships)

DFAT working with agencies like Australian Federal Police for diverse economic, security, and political expertise development.

Universities (Australian aid partnerships)

DFAT collaborates with Australian universities for scholarships for low-/middle-income students to gain skills to reduce poverty back home.

Business (Australian aid partnerships)

Private sector partnership bringing specialised knowledge, resources, and job creation for economic development.

Non-government agencies (Australian aid partnerships)

Partnering with NGOs with deep expertise to access remote, conflict-affected areas, helping to build sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty.

Features of Effective Aid Mnemonic

Only: Ownership by the recipient country

Farmers: Focused on the right outcomes

Plant: Partnerships & collaboration

Mushrooms: Monitoring & evaluation

How does ownership by recipient country contribute to effective aid?

Recipient countries decide aid types directly rather than donor assumptions. Recipient countries need to have input so that aid is implemented in a socioculturally sensitive way, using local languages and visual aids.

How does focusing on achieving the right outcomes contribute to effective aid?

• Addresses disease patterns to reduce poverty/inequality.

• Low-cost programs focusing on education/women to ensure long-term social and economic sustainability.

How does partnerships and collaboration contribute to effective aid?

Combines strengths to prevent duplication and efficiently use resources. Local input ensures cultural appropriateness and ensures locals are trained with the necessary knowledge and skills to ensure sustainability.

How does monitoring and evaluation contribute to effective aid?

Monitoring ensures funds are spent properly. Evaluation checks that program is making a difference to the health of the community.

Taking individual action can include what?

• Couch: Save energy, share posts, report harassment, drink tap water.

• Home: Dry clothes naturally, short showers, less meat, compost, recycle, second-hand, regulate temp.

• Community: Shop local, funny fruit, active/public transport, donate, vote for environment.

• Work: Energy tech, speak against discrimination, stay informed, recycling.

What is social action?

Using collective action to do something to help bring about positive change.

What are social action examples?

• Volunteering

• Donating to NGOs

• Fundraising

• Petitions

• Awareness campaigns

• Purchasing power

• Lobbying decision-makers

• Boycotts;

• Social enterprise.