AP psychology Unit 2 Flashcards

expressive aphasia

loss of the ability to speak

Receptive aphasia

loss of the ability to comprehend written and spoken language

CAT or CT

computerized image using X-rays passed through various angles of the brain —- Shows STRUCTURE

MRI

a magnetic field and pulses of radio waves cause the emission of faint radio frequency signals that depend upon the density of the tissue —- Shows STRUCTURE

EEG

recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across brain’s surface.used to study brai during states of arousal such as sleeping dreaming—-DOES NOT PROVIDE STRUCTURE NOR FUNCTION

PET

produces color computer graphics.visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while brain performs a task—-FUCNTION

fMRI

measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow. higher resolution that PET scanner.BOTH an STRUCTUREAL AND FUNCTIONAL

Parasympathetic stimulation

restoring digestive processes (salivation, peristalsis, enzyme secretion), returning pupils to normal pupil size, stimulating tear glands, and restoring normal bladder contractions.

Sympathetic stimulation

results in responses that help your body deal with stressful events including dilation of your pupils, release of glucose from your liver, dilation of bronchi, inhibition of digestive functions, acceleration of heart rate, secretion of adrenaline from your adrenal glands, acceleration of breathing rate, and inhibition of secretion of your tear glands.

reptilian brain

maintains homeostasis and instinctive behaviors, roughly corresponds to the brainstem, which includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

old mammalian brain

roughly corresponds to the limbic system that includes the septum, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, and the thalamus, which are all important in controlling emotional behavior, some aspects of memory, and vision.

new mammalian brain

accounts for about 80 percent of brain volume and is associated with the higher functions of judgment, decision making, abstract thought, foresight, hindsight and insight, language, and computing, as well as sensation and perception.

convolutions

the surface of your cortex has peaks called gyri and valleys called sulci, which form convolutions that increase the surface area of your cortex.

Basal ganglia

regulates initiation of movements, balance, eye movements, and posture, and functions in processing of implicit memories.

Plasticity

if one region is damaged, the brain can reorganize to take over its function.

Glial cells

guide the growth of developing neurons, help provide nutrition for and get rid of wastes of neurons, and form an insulating sheath around neurons that speeds conduction.

cell body

contains cytoplasm and the nucleus, which directs synthesis of such substances as neurotransmitters.

Neurogenesis

the growth of new neurons, takes place throughout life.

acetylcholine ACH

causes contraction of skeletal muscles, helps regulate heart muscles and is involved in memory too little is causing Alzheimer’s disease

Dopamine

acts on areas of the brain to give you feelings of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation.too much Schizophrenia.lack parkinson’s disease-a brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements, such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination

Glutamate

involved in information processing throughout the cortex and especially memory formation in hippocampus. both schizoprenia and alzhimer’s may involve glutamate receptors

seretonin

sexual activity, concentration, attentions, moods, emotion. lack - depression

endorphins

natural painkillers

GABA

inhibits firing of neurons.Benzodiazepine(valium) and anticonvulsant drugs increase activity of GABA. Huntigton’s disorder that causes nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain to gradually break down and die.

Norepinephrine/Noradrenaline

attentiveness, sleeping, dreaming, learning.

Agonists

may mimic a neurotransmitter and bind to its receptor site to produce the effect of the neurotransmitter.

Antagonists

block a receptor site, inhibiting the effect of the neurotransmitter or agonist.

afferent neurons

nerve fibers responsible for bringing sensory information from the outside world into the brain

efferent neurons

motor neurons, are the nerve fibers responsible for carrying signals from the brain to the peripheral nervous system in order to initiate an action. In other words, they are the neurons that tell your body to perform an action, such as removing your hand from a hot pan.

PINeal Gland

endocrine gland in brain that produces melatonin that helps regulate circadian rhythms and is associated with seasonal affective disorder.

Hypothalamus

produces hormones that stimulate (releasing factors) or inhibit secretion of hormones by the pituitary.

Pituitary Gland

promote secretion by other glands including TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone); ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), which stimulates the adrenal glands; FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), which stimulates egg or sperm production; ADH (antidiuretic hormone) to help retain water in your body; and HGH (human growth hormone).

Thyroid Gland

endocrine gland in neck that produces thyroxine, which stimulates and maintains metabolic activities. lack results in mental retardation

Parathyroids

produce parathyroid hormone, which helps maintain calcium ion level in blood necessary for normal functioning of neurons.

Adrenal Glands

endocrine glands atop kidneys

Pancreas

gland near stomach that secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar that fuels all behavioral processes.

Fraternal twins

are siblings that share about half of the same genes because they develop from two different fertilized eggs or zygotes; they are dizygotic twins.

Monozygotic twins

develop from the same fertilized egg or zygote

Turner syndrome

females with this syndrome have only one not 2 X sex chromosome (XO)=short,webbed neck,lack ovaries and fail to develop secondary sex characteristics at puberty.

Klinefelter’s syndrome

males with this syndrome arise from an XXY zygote=syndrome become evident ay puberty when male secondary sex characteristics fail to develop but breast tissue does. they tend to be passive

Down syndrome.

The presence of three copies of chromosome 21 results in the expression of Down syndrome.

Tay-Sachs syndrome

produces progressive loss of nervous function and death in a baby

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

results in severe, irreversible brain damage unless the baby is fed a special diet low in phenylalanine within 30 days of birth; the infant lacks an enzyme to process this amino acid, which can build up and poison cells of the nervous system.

Huntington’s disease

is an example of a dominant gene defect that involves degeneration of the nervous system.an inherited disorder that causes nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain to gradually break down and die.

Preconscious

is the level of consciousness that is outside of awareness but contains feelings and memories that you can easily bring into conscious awareness.

Nonconscious

is the level of consciousness devoted to processes completely inaccessible to conscious awareness, such as blood flow, filtering of blood by kidneys, secretion of hormones, and lower-level processing of sensations, such as detecting edges, estimating size and distance of objects, recognizing patterns, and so forth.

Reticular formation

Reticular formation and thalamus are involve in changes in wakefulness, arousal and attencion.

Hypnagogic state

you feel relaxed, fail to respond to outside stimuli, and begin the first stage of sleep, Non-REM-1.

Insomnia

is the inability to fall asleep and/or stay asleep.

Narcolepsy

is a condition in which an awake person suddenly and uncontrollably falls asleep, often directly into REM sleep.

Sleep apnea

is a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing that awaken the sufferer repeatedly during the night.