World Civilization final

Christianity

-religion that was attempted to be stomped out by Rome due to refusal to worship emperors as divine beings.
-spread throughout medditeranean basin due to trade routes

Anatolia

-one of places reached by Islam due to the Turkish migration
- was previously christian but became majority isalm

Gregory the Woodworker

- a tireless missionary that popularized Christianity through performing miracles in christian Anatolia
- helped make Christianity a popular religion of salvation in the Roman empire

Paul of Tarsus

- principal figure in development of Christianity into an independent religious faith
- devout jew from Anatolia that accepted the teaching of Jesus

Visigoths

- a group of Germanic that bordered the Roman Empire
-originally from Scandanavia and Russia

Ostrogoths

- a group of Germanic people that followed the visisgoths

Augustine

- bishop of North African city of Hippo
-worked to reconcile Christianity with Greek and Roman teachings

Huns

- a nomadic people from central Asia in 4th century A.D known for conquering

Vandals

- an ethnic group that governed Spain during the fall of the roman empire

Shinto

-an indigenous religion of Japan
- focused on veneration of ancestor and spirits and deities

Buddhism

-founded by Siddhartha Guatama
-focused on four noble truths
-goal to reach nirvana

Hinduism

-main religion of india
-goal to reach spiritual purity
- karma, dharma

Daoism

- chinese philosophy with orgins in the zhou dynasty ]
- policy of noncompetition

Chivalry

- European code of conduct followed by knights based on loyalty and honor

Pope

- leader of the roman catholic church
-bishop of Rome

Patriarch

-leader of the greek orthodox church

Roman Catholic

- Universal christian religion before protestant reformation

Eastern orthodox

- broke off from Catholic Church
- gave shape to a distinct form of Christianity
- spread mostly through eastern europe and russia

Constantinople

- capital of byzantine empire
- founded by emperor constantine

Zimbabwe

-"dwelling of the chief"
- best known kingdom of east and central africa
- home of stone structure called Great Zimbabwe

Mongols

- East Asian ethnic group known for invading
- nomadic people

Golden Horde

- mongol tribe that controlled russia

Sultan

Bezant

- standard currency of the mediterranean basin
- made from byzantine gold

Hanseatic League

- a commercial federation of guilds and market towns
- dominated trade in northern Europe

Abbasid dynasty

- founded by Abu Al Abbas
- reached peak under Haruun Al- Rashid

Ummayyad dyansty

- arabic dynasty
- capital damascus
- expanded to spain and india

Harun al-Rashid

-leader of abbasid dysnasty
-helped reach its peak

Abu al-abbas

- founder of abbasid dynasty

Muhammad Islam

- islamic prophet
- considered final prophet of islam
- creator of quran

Muslims

- people who adhere to islam
- a monotheistic abrahamic religion

foot binding

- tight wrapping of young girls feet with strips to prevent growth
- painful way to oppress women

Tang taizong

- chinese emperor of tang dysnasty

Otto of saxony crusades

- self established king of northern germany
- Crowned emperor by pope john Xii
- leader of "holy roman empire"

dar al-islam

- " house of Islam"
- term for an Islamic world

Kowtow

- a ritual postration
- subjects bowed before emperor and touched forehead to the ground

Chinggis Khan

- founder of mongol empire
-conquered most of euroasia

Khubilai Khan

- mongol ruler
- chingis khan grandson
- most talented conqueror
- supported all religions

Khanbaliq

-" city of the khan"
- served as mongol capital

Khadija

- wife of muhammad

Koran/Quaran

- Islamic holy book
-believed to contain divine revelations of Allah
- presented to muhammad

Justinian

-ruler of byzantine empire
- helped it reach its peak

Hadith

- islamic traditions

Sunnah

- islamic traditions and practices

sharia

- the system of islamic law

Diocletian

- leader of roman empire
- divided rome into two parts and hired co emperors
- helped end roman civil unrest

Attila

- warrior king of huns
- made huns virtually unstoppable
- invaded hungary, rome, gaul, and italy

Pope Urban II

- launched the crusades

Judaism

- Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion

Song Dynasty

- dynasty following the tang dynasty
- helped china improve economy, agriculture, and industrial production

Tang dynasty

- organzied china into powerful, productive, prosperous society

Saladin

- Muslim leader and crusader
- recaptured jerusalem

Holy Roman Empire

- began when pope john Xii crowned otto emperor
- the empire fell out of power and was neither holy nor roman

William of Normandy

- duke who invaded england and ruled its inhabitants
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bantu

- african people who origially lived in present day nigeria
- migrated to sub-saharan africa
- very influential linguistically

Ghana

- kingdom of west africa
- converted to islam
- dominated trans saharan trade

Byzantium

- a modest village located on a natural harbor called the golden horn

Dominicans

-an order of mendicants founded by st dominic
-purpose was to live in poverty and serve their community

Franciscans

- an order of mendicants founded by st francis
- purpose was to live in poverty and serve religious needs of community

Edict of milan

- allowed christians to practice faith openly in roman empire

Council of nicea

- held to determine if Jesus was a human of divine being

Harihara and bukka

- two brother dispatched to keep order
- ran southern parts of the kingdom of vijayanagar

Saljuk Turks

- turkish tribe
-gained power over abbasid empire
-fought with byzantine empire

Ottoman Turks

- took the city of constantinople
-renamed it istanbul

Caesaropapism

the mixing of political and religious authority

caravanserais

- roadside inn for travelers to rest

reconquista

-spainish crusade
- goal to drive islamic forces out of spain

moors

-used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim inhabitants

barracks emperors

- generals during the han dynasty
- seized power held it briefly until lost to a rival

Hugh capet

- starter of capetian dynasty

Bhakti Movement

- indian movemet'
-attempted to transcend differences of hinduism and islam

Greek Fire

-devastating weapon used at sea by byzantine forces

Sunni

- traditionalists
- most popular branch of islam
- believes that only a descendant of ali can lead

Shiite

- adherent to the shia branch of islam

Yurts

-tents used by nomadic turkish and mongol tribes

Hagia Sophia

- large christian church constructed by byzantine leader justinian
-later converted to a mosque

Mahmud of Ghazni

- leader of ghaznivid, turkish tribe

Marco polo

- italian merchant
- first to land in the americas
- traveled to china

Delhi Sultans

- people who lived in delhi sultanate
- empire that stretched over india

Angkor Thom

- temple city of angkor

Mansa Musa

- leader of mali, west african kingdom
- helped it reach its peak

Niani

- the capital of mali
- benefited from trade
- attracted merchants seeking gold

Kongo

- central african state that began trade with portuguese
- suffered from slave trade
-converted to christianity

hajj

- pilgrimage to mecca

Jizya

- islamic tax imposed on non- muslims only

Guilds

- subcaste of the caste system based on jobs

baghdad

- considered the great city of islam
- located in modern iraq

Instanbul

- formerly constantinople
- renamed when it fell to the turks

Mecca

Birth place of Islam

Medina

- muhammad's migration here starts the islamic calendar

damascus

- capital of ummayad dynasty

Griots

-professional singers, historians and story tellers
- lived in sub saharan africa

bedouin

- nomadic arabic tribe people

berbers

Thomas Aquinas

- saw no contradiction between science and christianity

Angkor Wat

- temple city located in angkor

Basil II

- ruler of byzantine empire
- known as bulgar slayer

Iconoclasm

- movement to destroy religious icons
-viewed veneration as sinful

Caste system

social stratification characterised by endogamy, hereditary transmission of a style of life which often includes an occupation, ritual status in a hierarchy, and customary social interaction and exclusion based on cultural notions of purity and pollution

What role did William of Normandy play in the development of England? Why was England able to develop a centralized government earlier than other states of the age?

William invaded England and introduced Normand principles of government to them. After William England rules with a much more centralized government. England establishes a strong centralized government partly because of the invaders who introduce it, and partly because it was so far away from Rome where the pope lives.