All Geography Case Studies for Paper 2

Urban planning

Urban planning is the process of designing and regulating the use of land, resources, facilities, and services in cities to improve quality of life.

Why Lagos needs urban planning

Lagos faces rapid urban growth, overcrowding, poor housing, traffic congestion, and pollution, so urban planning helps manage these issues.

Name two challenges of urban planning in lagos

1. Housing shortages & slums

2. Traffic congestion & pollution

What are the details of makokos floating school have?

Built in 2013

Designed for up to 100 students at a time

Roughly $6250 to build

Triangular, floating structure

Solar panels for power

Rainwater collection

Natural ventilation

Collapsed in 2016

What happened to Makoko’s floating school in 2016?

It collapsed due to heavy rain and wind

What was learnt by the collapsing of the floating school

Innovative design can address local challenges, but sustainability, maintenance, and resilience to extreme weather are crucial.

Key facts

In 2017 tourism brought 7.1 million people and around $1 billion to Tunisia

This North African NEE had a GNI per capita of $12,800 on 2018

Life expectancy risen from 42 - 76 between 1960 and 2018

Factors that favor Tunisias tourist indistry

Climate

Links with europe

History and culture

Physical landscape

Cheap package holidays

Tourism's impact on Tunisias development gap

Literacy rates increased from 66 percent to 82 percent between 1995 and 2017

more families can afford education

Creation of jobs

School is now compulsory for girls

Sustainability of development strategy

Pollution of environment

Leakage of profits

Terrorism aimed at tourists - 2015 (visitors fell to 5.4 mill theat year)

Where is the Olympic park regeneration located

Stratford, East london

Why did Stratford need regeneration

High unemployment, derelict land, poor housing, and lack of services.

How much was spent on the Olympics and regeneration?

£9.3 billion

What was the Athletes’ Village turned into?

2,800 homes (East village)

How many permanent jobs did the Olympic Park create?

Over 20,000

Name 2 environmental impacts from the regeneration

River Lea cleaned up.

Over 100 hectares of parkland created.

What transport improvements were made

Jubilee Line extended.

Docklands Light Railway (DLR) improved.

New Crossrail station (Elizabeth Line).

criticisms made

Some local businesses and residents were displaced; some housing too expensive for local people.

Other improvements

Transport

Green open space

Modern, high-density apartments

Green roofs

Affordable housing

Walking and cycling

Shops and services

Public services

Environmental car impacts

Fuel consumption - oil drilling, shipping oil, non renewable

Resources - transportation and manufacturing these resources uses energy

Air pollution

Disposal - ends up in scrap heaps, things can leak into environment and are hard to recycle

Manufacture - consume a lot of energy

How can cars be more environmentally sustainable

Decline in energy used in manufacturing

Fall in amount of waste in landfill sites

Electric or hybrid

Nissan car manufacturing

Started 1986

7000 employees

28, 000 jobs crated by car plant

500,000 cars produced per year

Wind turbines

What's happening to the sustainability of the car industry

It is becoming more sustainable

Where is jamalpur

Northern Bangladesh

How much of their income is from agriculture

57%

Mainly rice, jute and wheat

What charity is helping Jamalpur with their agriculture and how

Practical Action

Using rice-fish culture

What is a rice-fish culture

Fish are introduced to paddy fields to grow rice

They're protected from predators

They're natural pesticides for the rice

They're natural fertilisers for the rice

Oxygen is circulated around the rice

What is the advantage of rice-field cultures

Increase in crop yield by 10 percent

Helps economy and income

Farmers have supplies of fish

How are rice-fish cultures constructed

1. A suitable site is found (less likely to be flooded)

2. A dyke is built (raised bank)

3. A ditch is dug for the fish to live during dry season

4. Rice planted in rows

5. 50 percent of the ditch is filled with water

6. Add the fish to the ditch

7. Raise the water levels as both the rice and fish grow

Facts about natural gas

Provides 24 percent of the world's energy supply

Formed from decaying animal and plant matter found underground

Wells are drilled and the gas comes to the surface

Gas pumped through pipelines

The gas will be refined at some point of transmission

Environmental advantages of natural gas

Produces less carbon

Doesn't produce waste

Causes less damage to the ground surface

Lighter than air so disperses quickly in case of leakages

Environmental disadvantages of natural gas

Leakages are very dangerous, causing fire and explosions, gas is also toxic

Released greenhouse gases when burnt

Subsidence and earthquakes are caused by pumping of gas and fracking

General and practical advantages of natural gas

Can be used for a lot of things

Allows precise control and quick results

More abundant

Easy to distribute

General and practical disadvantages of natural gas

Odourless and leaks cannot be detected unless some odorant is added to the gas

Economic advantages of natural gas

Cheaper than electricity

Produces competitively priced electricity

Economic disadvantages of natural gas

Infrastructure for extraction and distribution is fairly expensive

Less mileage as a motor vehicle fuel

What are micro hydro plants

Divert the water from a stream or river

Channelled to a forebay tank which removes damaging sediment from water

Water falls into a turbine via a pipeline called a penstock which drives a generator

Who helps with the development of micro hydro plants

The government of Nepal and World Bank

Benefits of micro hydro plants

Low cost

Help to avoid damage to the environmental and social effects that larger HEP schemes cause, I clouding risk of flooding

How many micro hydro plants have been built

Over 1000 in 52 districts