AP World History Unit 4

Trans-Oceanic Trade

global trading system in the Caribbean and the Americans trade networks extended to all corners of Atlantic Ocean

Columbian Exchange

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Triangular Trade

Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Cartography

the science or the art of making maps

Joint-stock companies

businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses

East India Companies

British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.

Amerindians

American Indians

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Magellan

Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Southern end of South America and eventually reached the Philippines, but was killed in a local war there

Vasco da Gama

the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.

Plantation Economy

This referred to the inefficient, slave-centered economy of the South where all land was used to grow large amounts of cash crops for export.

Indentured servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

Encomienda System

Spaniards received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact "tribute" in the form of gold or labor

Hacienda System

landed estates granted to conquistadors

Mita System

The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.

Peninulares

a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies

Creoles

a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry

Mulattos

Persons of mixed European and African ancestry

Absolutism

the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters

Divine Rights

A belief of kings and monarchs that they have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin.

Versailles

A palace built for Louis XIV near the town of Versailles, southwest of Paris. It was built around a chateau belonging to Louis XIII, which was transformed by additions in the grand French classical style

European Empires in the Americans

Great Britain, France, Spain, Netherlands, Denmark

Aztecs

a nomadic tribe in northern Mexico, arrived in Mesoamerica around the beginning of the 13th century. From their magnificent capital city, Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century

Incas

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

Ming-Dynasty - China

The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China—then known as the Empire of the Great Ming—for 276 years following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.

Conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

Thirty Year War

a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, as well as the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties.

Enlightenment

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition

*John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

*Adam Smith

a Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment

Treaty of Tordesillas

A treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divide the new world.

Treaty of Zaragosa

A treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divided up Asia.

Hernan Cortes

a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire

Francisco Pizzaro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca's

Viceroyalties

the office, position, or authority of a viceroy

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

joint-stock companies

businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses

humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Established the Church of England in 1532.

patrons

a person who supports artists, especially financially

middle passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Prussia

A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland

Triangular Slave Trade

A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.

Vasco de Gama

A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean

westernization

adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

African Diaspora

The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.

Timars

Land granted to elite soldiers of Ottoman Empire as reward for bravery & overall compensation for military service. Usually taxed at a lower rate than land gained by purchase/inherited

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts

Nobility

the quality of being noble in character, mind, birth, or rank.

Cossack Revolts

A series of military conflicts in which local elites resisted Russian territorial expansion

Pueblo Revolts

1680- revolted in the southwest when spaniards tried to suppress their religious rituals. revolt was successful, they captured santa fe, and drove spaniards out. spaniards reconquered pueblos 12 years later and put down 2nd revolt in 1696. spaniards realized colonial policies had to be changed. pueblos- own land, stopped forced indian labor, and tolerated religious rituals.

Fronde

A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation

Maratha Conflict

Rebellion of Maratha regional rulers against the Mughals and Portuguese; attempt to maintain control of ports in the Gujarat region of India

Ana Nzinga's resistance

African queen who led her people against the Portuguese when they tried to capture her people as slaves.Stirred up rebellion against Portuguese

Metacom's War

First large-scale conflict between colonists and Native Americans, waged in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and Connecticut (1675-1676)

Maroon Societies

Communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin American. and the United States.

Dutch East India Co.

The East India Company of the Netherlands that was established to create trade throughout Asia. It became wealthier than England's company and eventually dominated the region.

British East India Co.

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

artisan labor

a person who has been trained in a skilled art or trade.

Moroccan-Songhai Conflict

A conflict between West African states to control the Trans-Saharan Trade Network (Moroccans win).

Swahili Arabs

Immigrants to Swahili city-states from Persia, typically merchants; integrated into Swahili society and brought Islamic culture such as mosques. Birth of the Swahili language

Omanis

Practiced a different form of Islam called Ibai. Founded Zanzibar an important trading center

Gujaratis

Merchants operating from the northwest coast of India, close to the Omani coast on the Arabic Penninsula

Javanese

the largest ethnic group in Indonesia, despite European disruption many groups in Indian Ocean continued existing trade routes.

Coerced Labor

a system where the workers were forced to work based on threats, pressure, or intimidation.

Plantations

an estate on which cash crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are cultivated by resident labor (often slaves).