Sigma Mindset Dubai Andrew Tate Hustlers University-Microbe Mission

AIDS

a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood

Common Cold

a mild viral infection involving the nose and respiratory passages (but not the lungs)

Dengue Fever

an infectious disease of the tropics transmitted by mosquitoes and characterized by rash and aching head and joints

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

a severe and often fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys and chimpanzees) caused by the Ebola virus

Herpes

A viral infection causing small painful blisters and inflammation, most commonly at the junction of skin and mucous membrane in the mouth or nose or in the genitals

Influenza

an acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection that is spread by respiratory droplets and occurs most commonly in epidemics during the colder months

Measles

an acute and highly contagious viral disease marked by distinct red spots followed by a rash

Mumps

an acute viral disease characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands, which are the salivary glands located just in front of the ears

Mononucleosis

an acute disease characterized by fever and swollen lymph nodes and an abnormal increase of mononuclear leucocytes or monocytes in the bloodstream

Polio

an acute viral disease marked by inflammation of nerve cells of the brain stem and spinal cord

Rabies

an acute viral infection that is most commonly transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal; causes a person to experience very unusual symptoms like hydrophobia and attacks the brain

Small Pox

high fever, flu like symptoms, rash at first on tongue and mouth, rash on face, hands, and feet, scars develop, rash inside the body, when in organs can cause death.

Viral encephalitis

Is caused by the bite of a tiger mosquito, the encephalitis causes fever, infection of the central nervous system, headache, vomiting,lethargy, paralysis or convulsions. These mosquitos are found in the U.S., Brazil, and Africa

Viral pneumonia

a form of pneumonia that is generally mild and self-limiting in adults, rare, commonly more severe in kids, nonproductive, no fever, less physical signs, more diffise x-ray, not an increase in WBC count.

West Nile Fever

transmission: mosquitos to birds to humans; symptoms: fever, body aches, rash, nausea, vomiting; no vaccine or treatment;

Yellow Fever

acute infectious disease, flavivirus, transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito, headaches, fever, dizziness, muscle aches, prostration

Sporozoa

animal-like (protozoa); include genus Plasmodium (malaria), nonmotile, parasitic, spore-formers, lack of flagella, amoeboid body form.

Sarcomastigophora

animal like (protozoa); subphyla include mastigophora, sarcodina; protists that divide via longitudinal fission/binary fission

Sarcodina

animal like (protozoa); characterized by the formation of pseudopods for locomotion and taking food: Actinopoda; aka rhizopoda

Mastigophora

animal like (protozoa); flagellated protozoans; aka zooflagellates; aka zoomastigina

Ciliophora

animal-like (protozoa); uses cilia to move; paramecium; many have 2 nuclei (micro and macro) and a gullet (mouth); they are the most complicated and are precursors to animals

Chlorophycophyta

green algae; might have flagella and be motile; a few species are large and multicellular

Chrysophycophyta

golden brown algae; diatoms have double shells, or frustules, that are largely constructed of silica (SiO2), the two halves (called valves) fit together like a pillbox - sometimes diatoms are listed as a type of golden brown algae, sometimes golden brown algae and diatoms are presented as distinct groups within chrysophycophyta

Phaeophycophyta

brown algae; can be very large and are multicellular, includes seaweed and kelp

Rhodophycophyta

red algae; often the cause of growth for coral reefs;

Pyrrophycophyta

fire algae; cause of red tides, includes the flagellated algae dinoflagellates, some develop bioluminescence

Euglenophycophyta

euglenoids; though classified as plant-like protists (algae) these organisms are kind of like animal-like protists, too - they absorb nutrients heterotrophically by hunting and ingesting and also through photosynthesis

Algae that AREN'T Protists

blue-green algae aka cyanobacteria

Myxomycetes

fungus-like protists; slime molds; previously classified as fungi but recently moved to protista

Oomycetes

fungus-like protists, water molds, white rust, or downy mildew; acquires nutrition mainly as a decomposer or plant parasite

Do BACTERIA have a NUCLEUS?

NO

Do ARCHAEA have a NUCLEUS?

NO

Do EUKARYOTA have a NUCLEUS?

YES

Do BACTERIA have MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES?

NO

Do ARCHAEA have MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES?

NO

Do EUKARYOTA have MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES?

YES

What is the structure of BACTERIA'S CHROMOSOME(S)?

One Circular Chromosome

What is the structure of ARCHAEA'S CHROMOSOME(S)?

One Circular Chromosome

What is the structure of EUKARYOTA'S CHROMOSOME(S)?

Many Linear Chromosomes

Do BACTERIA have NUCLEOSOMES/HISTONES?

NO

Do ARCHAEA have NUCLEOSOMES/HISTONES?

YES

Do EUKARYOTA have NUCLEOSOMES/HISTONES?

YES

What is the FIRST AMINO ACID in a protein synthesized in BACTERIA?

N-formyl methionine

What is the FIRST AMINO ACID in a protein synthesized in ARCHAEA?

Methionine

What is the FIRST AMINO ACID in a protein synthesized in EUKARYOTA?

Methionine

Do BACTERIA have cell walls supported by PEPTIDOGLYCAN?

YES

Do ARCHAEA have cell walls supported by PEPTIDOGLYCAN?

NO

Do EUKARYOTA have cell walls supported by PEPTIDOGLYCAN?

NO

Do BACTERIA have OPERONS and POLYCISTRONIC mRNA helping to regulate gene expression?

YES

Do ARCHAEA have OPERONS and POLYCISTRONIC mRNA helping to regulate gene expression?

YES

Do EUKARYOTA have OPERONS and POLYCISTRONIC mRNA helping to regulate gene expression?

NO

Do BACTERIA have INTRONS in their genome?

NO

Do ARCHAEA have INTRONS in their genome?

NO

Do EUKARYOTA have INTRONS in their genome?

YES

Do BACTERIA have a TATA BOX in their promoter?

NO

Do ARCHAEA have a TATA BOX in their promoter?

YES

Do EUKARYOTA have a TATA BOX in their promoter?

YES

Do BACTERIA use simple or complex RNA Polymerase?

Simple

Do ARCHAEA use simple or complex RNA Polymerase?

Complex

Do EUKARYOTA use simple or complex RNA Polymerase?

Complex

Is protein synthesis in BACTERIA inhibited by DIPHTHERIA TOXIN?

NO

Is protein synthesis in ARCHAEA inhibited by DIPHTHERIA TOXIN?

YES

Is protein synthesis in EUKARYOTA inhibited by DIPHTHERIA TOXIN?

YES

Can BACTERIA be human pathogens?

YES

Can ARCHAEA be human pathogens?

NO

Can EUKARYOTA be human pathogens?

YES

Ocular

magnifies the image formed by the objective

Nosepiece

Holds the objectives

Objectives

Lenses that recieve the light from the field of view and form the first image

Stage

Supports the slide and the specimen

Stageclips

Hold the slide in place

Base

Foundation which supports the scope and keeps it stable

Diaphragm

Controls the amount of light reaching the specimen

Illuminator

Source of light

Coarse Adjustment

Used for initial or low power adjustment

Fine Adjustment

Used for fine tuning or high power adjustment

Arm

Supports the ocular, objectives, and body tube

Body Tube

Tube or barrel between the ocular and the objectives

Optical Microscope

has one or two lenses that work to enlarge and enhance images placed between the lower-most lens and the light source.

Simple Optical Microscope

uses one lens, the convex lens, in the magnifying process. This kind of microscope was used by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek during the late-sixteen and early-seventeenth centuries, around the time that the microscope was invented.

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Compound Optical Microscope

has two lenses, one for the eyepiece to serve the ocular perspective and one of short focal length for objective perspective. Multiple lenses work to minimize both chromatic and spherical aberrations so that the view is unobstructed and uncorrupted.

Stereo Microscope

This is also known as the Dissecting Microscope, and uses two separate optical shafts (for both eyes) to create a three-dimensional image of the object through two slightly different viewpoints. This kind of microscope conducts microsurgery, dissection, watch-making, small circuit board manufacturing, etc.

Inverted Microscope

This kind of microscope views objects from an inverted position than that of regular microscopes. The inverted microscope specializes in the study of cell cultures in liquid.

Petrographic Microscope

This kind of microscope features a polarizing filter, a rotating stage, and gypsum plate. Petrographic Microscopes specialize in the study of inorganic substances whose properties tend to alter through shifting perspective.

Pocket Microscope

This kind of microscope consists of a single shaft with an eye piece at one end and an adjustable objective lens at the other. This old-style microscope has a case for easy carry.

Electron Microscopes

This kind of microscope employs electron waves running parallel to a magnetic field providing higher resolution.

Scanning Probe Microscope

This kind of microscope measures interaction between a physical probe and a sample to form a micrograph. Only surface data can be collected and analyzed from the sample

Types of Scanning Probe Microscopes

Atomic Force Microscope, the Scanning Tunneling Microscope, the Electric Force Microscope, and the Magnetic Force Microscope.

Types of Electron Microscopes

Two Electron Microscopes are the Scanning Electron Microscope and the Transmission Electron Microscope.

Nucleus

Membrane enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Contains most genetic material. Control center of the cell

Mitochondria

Generate the cell's energy in eukaryotic cells

Chloroplasts

specialized organelles found in all higher plant cells. These organelles contain the plant cell's chlorophyll, hence provide the green color. They have a double outer membrane. Within the stroma are other membrane structures - the thylakoids and grana (singular = granum) where photosynthesis takes place.

Prion

an infectious agent composed primarily of protein

Virus

a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms

Bacteria

a large group of single-celled, prokaryote microorganisms.