Untitled Flashcards Set

Auditory sensory acuity

The ability to hear and distinguish sounds.

Genetic mutation

An error in the replication of DNA that leads to change.

Gross motor coordination

The movements made with large muscles, such as those in the legs, arms, and torso.

Growth spurt

A period of growth that occurs in a short period of time.

Imprinting

An attachment that occurs in early stages of development, such as newborns preferring their parents over strangers.

Mature illness

An illness associated with aging.

Mobility

The ability to move.

Reaction time

A timeframe in which an individual can react to a stimulus.

Reflex

Automatic and involuntary responses to stimuli that help protect our bodies from harm.

Rooting reflex

A reflex that starts when the corner of a baby's mouth is stroked.

Sensitive period

Specific timeframes when children are more receptive to learning certain skills.

Visual sensory acuity

Sharpness and clarity of vision, specifically the ability to see fine details.

Abstract Concept

Ideas or thoughts that are not concrete or physical.

Animism

Belief that inanimate objects have feelings or thoughts.

Dementia

A generalized deterioration of memory and cognitive function due to various causes.

Pretend play

A type of play where children use their imagination to create scenarios and act out different roles.

Reversibility

The ability for a process or change to be reversed or undone.

Zone of proximal development

The gap between what a learner can do without help and with guidance.

Non-verbal gestures

Forms of communication through body movements and facial expressions.

Syntax

The set of rules that govern the structure of sentences in a language.

Adverse childhood experiences

Potentially traumatic events during childhood that can impact development.

Anxious attachment

A type of insecure attachment characterized by fear of abandonment.

Chronosystem

The dimension of time in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory.

Exosystem

External environments indirectly affecting the individual.

Identity diffusion

A lack of direction or commitment in forming an identity.

Identity foreclosure

Committing to an identity without exploring alternatives.

Identity moratorium

A period of active exploration without identity commitment.

Generativity

Concern for establishing and guiding the next generation.

Stagnation

A sense of self-absorption and lack of growth or productivity.

Imaginary audience

The belief that others are constantly watching and judging one's actions.

Macrosystem

The overarching cultural and societal influences in Bronfenbrenner's theory.

Microsystem

Immediate environments and relationships that directly impact an individual.

Mesosystem

Interactions between components of the microsystem.

Parallel play

A developmental stage where children play alongside each other without interaction.

Cognition

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and communicating.

Schema

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Assimilation

Incorporating new information into existing knowledge without changing it.

Accommodation

Adapting current understandings to incorporate new information.

Sensorimotor stage

Piaget's developmental stage from birth to nearly 2 years focused on sensory and motor activities.

Object permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed.

Preoperational stage

Piaget's stage where a child learns to use language but lacks comprehension of concrete logic.

Conservation

The principle that properties remain the same despite changes in form.

Egocentrism

Difficulty in taking another's point of view during the preoperational stage.

Concrete operational stage

Piaget's stage where children gain mental operations for logical thinking about concrete events.

Formal operational stage

Piaget's stage where individuals begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

Lev Vygotsky

Psychologist who emphasized the role of social interactions in cognitive development.

Scaffold

A framework offering support as children develop higher levels of thinking.

Theory of mind

Ideas about one's own and others' mental states and behaviors.

Noam Chomsky

Linguist who proposed that all human languages share a universal grammar.

Phoneme

The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.

Morpheme

The smallest unit in a language that carries meaning.

Grammar

The set of rules that enable communication in a language.

Babbling Stage

The stage of speech development beginning around 4 months.

One-Word Stage

The speech development stage around age 1, when a child speaks mostly in single words.

Two-Word Stage

The speech development stage starting around age 2 when a child begins to form two-word statements.

Telegraphic Speech

Early speech stage where a child uses mostly nouns and verbs.

Generative Grammar

Chomsky's theory that humans are predisposed to develop grammar.

Semantics

The aspect of language concerned with meaning.

Broca's Area

Region in the left frontal lobe involved in speech production.

Wernicke's Area

Region in the left temporal lobe responsible for language comprehension.

Ecological Systems Theory

Bronfenbrenner's theory that development is influenced by environmental systems.

Stranger Anxiety

Fear of unfamiliar people developing around 8 months.

Social Anxiety

Intense fear of social situations where one's actions may be judged.

Attachment

Emotional bond between an infant and caregiver affecting security and development.

Harry Harlow

Psychologist known for research on attachment in rhesus monkeys.

Konrad Lorenz

Studied imprinting in animals, showing bond formation with the first moving object.

Secure Attachment

A type of attachment where infants explore confidently with a caregiver as a base.

Insecure Attachment

A type of attachment where infants show anxiety or avoidance with caregivers.

Disorganized Attachment

Type of attachment characterized by confused behaviors towards caregivers.