Untitled Flashcards Set

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Auditory sensory acuity: The ability to hear and distinguish sounds

Genetic mutation: An error in the replication of DNA that leads to change

Gross motor coordination:Gross motor skills are the movements we make with large muscles, like those in your legs, arms and torso.

Growth spurt: A period of growth that occurs in a short period of time

Imprinting : Early stages of development can attach oneself to something, like why newborns like their parents more than strangers when being held by strangers.

Mature illness: An illness associated with aging

Mobility: The ability to move

Reaction time: A timeframe in which one can react to a stimulus

Reflex - automatic and involuntary responses to stimuli that help protect our bodies from harm or maintain balance.

Rooting reflex - This reflex starts when the corner of the baby's mouth is stroked or touched.

Sensitive period - Sensitive periods are specific timeframes in which children are more receptive to learning and acquiring certain skills or abilities.

Visual sensory acuity - Visual acuity refers to the sharpness and clarity of vision, specifically the ability to see fine details.

Abstract Concept - Abstract concepts are ideas or thoughts that are not concrete or physical in nature.

Animism - belief that objects that are inanimate (not living) have feelings, thoughts, and have the mental characteristics and qualities of living things.

Dementia → a generalized, pervasive deterioration of memory and at least one other cognitive function, such as language and an executive function, due to a variety of causes.

Pretend play → a type of play where children use their imagination to create scenarios and act out different roles and events.

Reversibility → the ability of a process or change to be reversed or undone, such that the original state or condition can be restored.

Zone of proximity development- The gap between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with guidance and support.

Non-verbal gestures- Forms of communication through body movements, facial expressions, and other non-verbal cues that convey meaning.

Syntax- The set of rules that govern the structure of sentences in a language.

Adverse childhood experiences- Potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood, such as abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction, which can impact development and health.

Anxious attachment- A type of insecure attachment characterized by fear of abandonment and a constant need for reassurance, often stemming from inconsistent caregiving in early relationships.

4 Main Parenting Styles- Authoritative,Authoritarian,Permissive,Neglectful

Chronosystem- The dimension of time in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, representing changes in life events and transitions over time.

Exosystem- The part of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory that includes external environments indirectly affecting the individual, such as a parent's workplace.

Identity diffusion- A lack of direction or commitment in forming an identity, often with little exploration or decision-making.

Identity foreclosure- Committing to an identity without exploring alternatives, often based on parental or societal expectations.

Identity moratorium-A period of active exploration without making a commitment to a specific identity.

Generativity- A concern for establishing and guiding the next generation, often through parenting or contributions to society.

Stagnation- A sense of self-absorption and lack of growth or productivity, often resulting from failure to contribute meaningfully to others.

Imaginary audience- A belief common in adolescence that others are constantly watching and judging one's actions.

Industry and inferiority- Erikson's stage (ages 6-12) where children develop a sense of competence through learning and accomplishment or feel inferior if they fail.

Macrosystem- The overarching cultural and societal influences in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory.

Microsystem- The immediate environments and relationships that directly impact an individual, such as family and peers.

Mesosystem- The interactions between components of the microsystem, such as the relationship between family and school.

Parallel play- A developmental stage where children play alongside each other without direct interaction.

Psychosocial- Relating to Erikson's theory, it refers to the interaction between psychological development and social environment across different stages of life.

Acquisition - When a behavior, such as a conditioned response, has been learned.

Taste aversion - A biological tendency in which an organism learns after a single experience to avoid a food with a certain taste, if eating it is followed by illness.

- A consequence refers to an event that occurs after a behavior and can either strengthen or weaken that behavior. It is the outcome or result of an action.

Teratogens - Substances that damage the process of fetal development such as tobacco and alcohol.

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) - a condition in a child resulting from alcohol exposure during the mother's pregnancy, causing brain damage and growth problems.

critical period

Adolesce Consequence- the transitory period from childhood to adulthood, generally beginning with puberty and extending into independent adulthood.

Puberty - period of sexual maturation, during which a person is capable of reproducing.

Menopause: the point in a woman's life when her menstrual periods stop permanently and she can no longer get pregnant.

Sex: the biological and physiological characteristics that define a person as male or female, including chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs, essentially focusing on the physical aspects rather than social constructs related to gender

Gender: the male sex or the female sex, especially when considered with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones, or one of a range of other identities that do not correspond to established ideas of male and female.

Intersex: a term used to describe people with sex characteristics that are not typically considered male or female

The X chromosome - one of the two sex chromosomes in humans - carries a larger amount of genetic information compared to the Y chromosome.

Y chromosome - one of the two sex chromosomes in humans. - smaller than the X chromosome and carries fewer genes. Males have both an X and a Y chromosome, while females have two Xs. congrats on reading the definition of Y Chromosome.

Testosterone: The main male sex hormone is testosterone

Estrogens:

primary sex characteristics: those organs and other physiological structures that are directly related sexual reproduction

secondary sex characteristics: any physical characteristic developing at puberty which distinguishes between the sexes but is not directly involved in reproduction.

spermarche [sper-MAR-key]: the first time a male ejaculates and is considered the male equivalent of menarche, the start of menstrual periods in females

menarche [meh-NAR-key]: refers to your first period, or your first time menstruating

Jean Piaget - Jean Piaget, the last century’s most influential observer of

children, was a Swiss biologist. developmental psychologist who is best known for his theory of cognitive development in children.

Cognition- all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Schema- a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Assimilation- a cognitive process that manages how we take in new information and incorporate that new information into our existing knowledge(w/o changing)

Accommodation - in developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

sensorimotor stage - in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

object permanence

preoperational stage - in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Conservation - the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Egocentrism- the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

concrete operational stage- in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

formal operational stage- in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think

logically about abstract concepts.

Lev Vygotsky- has studies of child development focused on the ways a

child’s mind grows by interacting with the social environment

scaffold-a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher

levels of thinking.

theory of mind-people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states—about their feelings,

perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Noam Chomsky- Linguist Noam Chomsky has proposed that all human languages share a

universal grammar

phoneme-in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Morpheme- in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of

a word

grammar-is a language’s set of rules that enable people to

communicate.

universal grammar (UG)-—the basic building blocks of language

Babbling Stage: The stage of speech development beginning around 4 months, where infants spontaneously utter sounds unrelated to the household language.

One-Word Stage: The stage in speech development, typically around age 1, when a child speaks mostly in single words.

Two-Word Stage: The stage in speech development, starting around age 2, when a child begins to form two-word statements, showing the basics of syntax.

Telegraphic Speech: Early speech stage where a child uses mostly nouns and verbs, resembling a telegram (e.g., “want cookie”).

Generative Grammar: A theory by Noam Chomsky suggesting humans are biologically predisposed to develop grammar and generate infinite sentences using a universal grammar.

Semantics: The aspect of language concerned with meaning, including how words, sentences, and symbols convey ideas.

Neuroscience of Language

Paul Broca: A 19th-century neurologist who discovered that specific brain damage can impair speech production, leading to the identification of Broca’s area.

Broca’s Area: A region in the left frontal lobe involved in speech production; damage results in Broca’s aphasia (difficulty speaking but understanding remains intact).

Carl Wernicke: A neurologist who identified a brain region involved in language comprehension, leading to the understanding of Wernicke’s area.

Wernicke’s Area: A region in the left temporal lobe responsible for language comprehension; damage results in Wernicke’s aphasia (fluent but nonsensical speech and impaired understanding).

Developmental Psychology

Ecological Systems Theory: A theory by Urie Bronfenbrenner that human development is influenced by different environmental systems, including family, community, and culture.

Stranger Anxiety: A fear of unfamiliar people, usually developing in infants around 8 months as they form attachments to caregivers.

Social Anxiety: The intense fear of social situations where one may be judged, embarrassed, or scrutinized.

Attachment: An emotional bond between an infant and caregiver that influences the child’s sense of security and social development.

Attachment Theories and Studies

Harry Harlow: Psychologist known for research with rhesus monkeys, showing the importance of physical comfort in forming secure attachments.

Margaret Harlow: Collaborator in studies on maternal separation and its effects on attachment and social development in monkeys.

Imprinting: A form of attachment in certain animals where they form a strong bond with the first moving object they see during a critical period, studied by Konrad Lorenz.

Secure Attachment: A type of attachment where infants feel confident exploring their environment with a caregiver as a secure base.

Insecure Attachment: A type of attachment where infants may be anxious, avoidant, or resistant toward caregivers due to inconsistent or unresponsive caregiving.

Disorganized Attachment: A type of attachment seen in children who show confused or contradictory behaviors toward their caregiver, often linked to trauma or neglect.

Social Anxiety: The intense fear of social situations where one may be judged, embarrassed, or scrutinized.