Starnes Statistics Unit 3-Collecting Data Vocabulary

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48 Terms

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Population

The entire group of individuals we want information about

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Census

A study that collects data from every individual in the population

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Sample

A subset of individuals in the population from which we collect data from.

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Sample Survey

A study that collects data from a sample to learn about the population from which the sample was selected.

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Sampling without replacement

When an individual from a population can be selected only once.

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Sampling with replacement

when an individual from a population can be selected more than once

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Convenience sampling

A sampling technique that selects individuals from the ovulation who are easy to reach

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bias

A statistical study that is very likely to underestimate/overestimate the value you want to know.

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Voluntary response sampling

A sampling technique that allows people to choose to be in the sample by responding to a general invitation.

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random sampling

A sampling technique that involves using a random process to determine which members are included in the sample.

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Simple random sample

A random sampling technique that is chosen that every group in a population has an equal chance of being included.

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Stratified random sampling

A random sampling technique that selects a sample by choosing an SRS from each stratum and combining the STSs into one overall shape.

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cluster sampling

A random sampling technique that selects a sample by randomly choosing clusters and including each member of the selected clusters int he sample.

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systematic random sampling

Selecting a sample from a n ordered arrangement of the population by randomly selecting one of the first k individuals and choosing every other individual thereafter.

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undercoverage

When some members of the population are less likely to be chosen or can't be chosen in a sample

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nonresponse

When an individual chosen for the sample can't be contacted or refuses to participate

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response bias

When there is a systematic pattern of inaccurate answers to a survey question.

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observational study

type of study that observes individuals and measures variables of interest but doesn't try to influence the results

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response variable

variable that measures the outcome of the study

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explanatory variable

Variable that predicts changes in the response variable

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confounding

When two variables are associated that the can't tell which variable is the response and which one is the explanatory

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experiment

Deliberately imposing treatments on individuals to measure their responses

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placebo

A treatment that has no active ingredient, but is like other treatments. This will determine the effect of the active ingredient

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treatment

When a specific condition is applied to the individuals in an experiment.

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experimental unit

The object that the test is being placed on

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subjects

human experimental units

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factor

An explanatory variable that is manipulated to change the response variable

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levels

the different values of a factor

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control group

the group in an experiment that provides a baseline for comparing the effects of other treatments. The control group might be given nothing, a placebo, or an active treatment

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Placebo effect

Where some subjects will respond favorably to any treatment given.

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double-blind experiment

Where the subject and people who interact with the subject don't know what they are receiving in an experiment

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single-blind experiment

Where EITHER the subject or the people who interact with the subject knows what treatment the subject will receive

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comparison

Using a design that compares two or more treatments

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random assignment

When experimental units are assigned to treatments using a chance process

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completely randomized design

When the experimental units are assigned to the treatments at random

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block

A group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments.

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randomized block design

The random assignment of experimental units to treatments are carried out separately within each block.

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matched pairs design

A common experimental design for comparing two treatments that uses size 2 blocks. Sometimes, two very similar experimental units are paired and the two treatments are randomly assigned within each pair. In others, each experimental unit receives both treatments in a random order

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control

Keeping variables that remain constant for all experimental units

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replication

Giving each treatments to enough experimental units so that a difference in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished form chance variation due to the random assignment.

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sampling variability

The fact that different random samples of the same size frosty same population produce different estimates

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sampling variability and sample size

Larger random samples tend to produce estimates that are closer that are true population value than smaller random samples. Thus, larger samples are more precise.

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statistically significant

When the observed results of a study are too unusual to be explained by chance alone, the results are called statistical significant

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the scope of inference

Random selection of individuals allows inference about the population from which the individuals were chosen and random assignment of individuals to groups allows inference about cause and effect.

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confidentiality

All data for a person must be confidential.

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anonymity

individuals are anonymous and no one conducting the experiment knows the person's name. Anonymity prevents any follow-up to the experiment.

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institutional review board

The purpose of an institutional review board is to protect the rights of human subjects involved in research studies. This board monitors studies once a year

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informed consent

Subjects must be informed in advanced about the nature of a study and any risk of harm it may bring. Experimenters must tell subjects of the nature and purpose of the study and outline possible risks. Subjects must consent to the experiment through writing