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Population
The entire group of individuals we want information about
Census
A study that collects data from every individual in the population
Sample
A subset of individuals in the population from which we collect data from.
Sample Survey
A study that collects data from a sample to learn about the population from which the sample was selected.
Sampling without replacement
When an individual from a population can be selected only once.
Sampling with replacement
when an individual from a population can be selected more than once
Convenience sampling
A sampling technique that selects individuals from the ovulation who are easy to reach
bias
A statistical study that is very likely to underestimate/overestimate the value you want to know.
Voluntary response sampling
A sampling technique that allows people to choose to be in the sample by responding to a general invitation.
random sampling
A sampling technique that involves using a random process to determine which members are included in the sample.
Simple random sample
A random sampling technique that is chosen that every group in a population has an equal chance of being included.
Stratified random sampling
A random sampling technique that selects a sample by choosing an SRS from each stratum and combining the STSs into one overall shape.
cluster sampling
A random sampling technique that selects a sample by randomly choosing clusters and including each member of the selected clusters int he sample.
systematic random sampling
Selecting a sample from a n ordered arrangement of the population by randomly selecting one of the first k individuals and choosing every other individual thereafter.
undercoverage
When some members of the population are less likely to be chosen or can't be chosen in a sample
nonresponse
When an individual chosen for the sample can't be contacted or refuses to participate
response bias
When there is a systematic pattern of inaccurate answers to a survey question.
observational study
type of study that observes individuals and measures variables of interest but doesn't try to influence the results
response variable
variable that measures the outcome of the study
explanatory variable
Variable that predicts changes in the response variable
confounding
When two variables are associated that the can't tell which variable is the response and which one is the explanatory
experiment
Deliberately imposing treatments on individuals to measure their responses
placebo
A treatment that has no active ingredient, but is like other treatments. This will determine the effect of the active ingredient
treatment
When a specific condition is applied to the individuals in an experiment.
experimental unit
The object that the test is being placed on
subjects
human experimental units
factor
An explanatory variable that is manipulated to change the response variable
levels
the different values of a factor
control group
the group in an experiment that provides a baseline for comparing the effects of other treatments. The control group might be given nothing, a placebo, or an active treatment
Placebo effect
Where some subjects will respond favorably to any treatment given.
double-blind experiment
Where the subject and people who interact with the subject don't know what they are receiving in an experiment
single-blind experiment
Where EITHER the subject or the people who interact with the subject knows what treatment the subject will receive
comparison
Using a design that compares two or more treatments
random assignment
When experimental units are assigned to treatments using a chance process
completely randomized design
When the experimental units are assigned to the treatments at random
block
A group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments.
randomized block design
The random assignment of experimental units to treatments are carried out separately within each block.
matched pairs design
A common experimental design for comparing two treatments that uses size 2 blocks. Sometimes, two very similar experimental units are paired and the two treatments are randomly assigned within each pair. In others, each experimental unit receives both treatments in a random order
control
Keeping variables that remain constant for all experimental units
replication
Giving each treatments to enough experimental units so that a difference in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished form chance variation due to the random assignment.
sampling variability
The fact that different random samples of the same size frosty same population produce different estimates
sampling variability and sample size
Larger random samples tend to produce estimates that are closer that are true population value than smaller random samples. Thus, larger samples are more precise.
statistically significant
When the observed results of a study are too unusual to be explained by chance alone, the results are called statistical significant
the scope of inference
Random selection of individuals allows inference about the population from which the individuals were chosen and random assignment of individuals to groups allows inference about cause and effect.
confidentiality
All data for a person must be confidential.
anonymity
individuals are anonymous and no one conducting the experiment knows the person's name. Anonymity prevents any follow-up to the experiment.
institutional review board
The purpose of an institutional review board is to protect the rights of human subjects involved in research studies. This board monitors studies once a year
informed consent
Subjects must be informed in advanced about the nature of a study and any risk of harm it may bring. Experimenters must tell subjects of the nature and purpose of the study and outline possible risks. Subjects must consent to the experiment through writing