Deaf Culture, Auditory Innovations, and ASL Linguistics Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering chapters 1 through 3 on Deaf culture, history, auditory innovations, and ASL linguistic structures.

Culture

The values, beliefs, social forms, and traits of a group of people that guide individual and social development.

deaf (lowercase d)

Refers to individuals who tend to rely on auditory assistance devices, prefer spoken language, and socialize more often with hearing people.

Deaf (capitalized D)

Refers to members of Deaf culture who use sign language, share similar beliefs, values, customs, and experiences, and prefer to socialize with culturally Deaf people.

Cultural Capital

The use of cultural knowledge, skills, abilities, and interactions to influence resistance to disadvantages, viewing Deaf identity as a positive attribute.

deaf impaired

A term used by some Deaf people to describe hearing individuals who do not understand Deaf culture or sign language.

CODAs

An acronym for Children of Deaf Adults, referring to hearing children born to Deaf parents.

Late-Deafened Individuals

People who become deaf after the age of $18$ due to illness, workplace noise, genetics, or medication.

Protactile ASL

A tactile communication system developed by DeafBlind individuals to engage in two-way communication with each other and hearing people.

DeafDisabled People

Deaf individuals who have additional sensory, physical, cognitive, learning, reading, or psychosocial disabilities.

American School for the Deaf (ASD)

The first formal school for the deaf in the United States, established in Connecticut in $1817$ (originally named American Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb).

Mabel Hubbard Bell

The deaf wife of Alexander Graham Bell who chose to speak and preferred to associate with hearing people.

1880 International Congress on the Education of the Deaf

A conference held in Milan where delegates voted overwhelmingly to endorse spoken language over sign language; only $1$ out of $164$ participants was deaf.

James Denison

The principal at Kendall School in Washington, D.C., who was the only deaf delegate at the $1880$ Milan Congress and voted against the motion supporting only spoken language.

National Association for the Deaf (NAD)

An organization founded in $1880$ and led by Deaf individuals to advocate against discrimination in education, employment, politics, and language choices.

Deaflympics

An international multi-sport event for deaf athletes that began in Paris in $1924$ as the International Silent Games.

Gallaudet University

The world's only liberal arts university for deaf students, located in Washington, D.C., and site of a historic $1988$ protest demanding a Deaf president.

Deaf-World

A contemporary term describing Deaf people who share common traits, such as sign language and Deaf culture, rather than a physical geographic location.

Deafhood

Deaf consciousness involving the personal processing and reconstruction of a Deaf identity.

Deaf Gain

The conceptual opposite of hearing loss, highlighting the unique cultural and societal contributions Deaf people make.

Deaf Ethnicity

A concept defining Deaf people as an ethnic group based on biological similarity, shared language, and kinship.

People of the Eye

A concept characterizing Deaf people as visual beings living in a highly visual world (does not apply to DeafBlind individuals).

Audiologist

A healthcare specialist dedicated to evaluating hearing levels and recommending appropriate hearing accommodations.

Audiogram

A graph that displays the frequency and loudness levels of sound to illustrate an individual's specific hearing levels.

Prelingual Deafness

Becoming deaf prior to acquiring spoken language.

Postlingual Deafness

Becoming deaf after acquiring spoken language.

Congenital Hearing Loss

Hearing loss present before or at birth.

Acquired Hearing Loss

Hearing loss occurring after birth due to conditions such as illness, trauma, or aging.

Conductive Hearing Loss

Hearing loss caused by mechanical problems in the outer or middle ear (e.g., ear infections), which is usually temporary.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Hearing loss stemming from damage inside the inner ear or auditory nerve, which is usually permanent.

Connexin 26

A nonsyndromic gene mutation that represents the most common genetic cause of deafness.

Ear Trumpet

An early mechanical amplification device used as an early form of hearing aid.

Disability Porn

Media clips (such as device activation videos) created primarily to evoke emotion in hearing viewers, promoting a misleading idea that hearing devices are instant, effortless miracle cures.

Linguistic Homogamy

The societal pattern in which individuals tend to marry partners who share their primary language.

Ethnic Homogamy

The pattern of individuals marrying partners who share the same ethnic or cultural background.

Abbé de L'Épée

A French monk who established the first public school for deaf children in Paris during the $1700\text{s}$.

Laurent Clerc

A Deaf Frenchman who traveled to the United States in $1816$ and co-founded the American School for the Deaf alongside Thomas H. Gallaudet.

Alice Cogswell

The first student enrolled at the American School for the Deaf in $1817$.

NAISL

North American Indian Sign Language (Hand Talk), representing native tribal signed languages spanning $7$ distinct geographic regions.

Black ASL (BASL)

A distinct dialect of ASL developed by Black Deaf students in segregated southern and border state schools post-Civil War.

Home Signs

Informal gestural systems developed by deaf children to communicate with hearing family members at home.

Lexicostatistics

A analytical tool used by linguists to examine language relationships by comparing vocabulary roots.

Social ASL

Casual, highly contextualized sign language used in informal, daily conversations among friends.

Academic ASL

Formal, abstract, and less contextualized sign language used to teach content areas like mathematics and science.

Certified Deaf Interpreter (CDI)

A Deaf professional with advanced training who collaborates with hearing interpreters to ensure accurate language translation.

Dr. William Stokoe

A linguist who co-published A Dictionary in American Sign Language in $1976$, establishing ASL as a recognized, rule-governed natural language.

ASL Phonology

The visual structural components of sign language, including handshape, movement, location, orientation, facial expressions, and spatial placement.

ASL Morphology

The study of how ASL creates new signs and grammatical modifications, such as methods for expressing pluralization.

Classifiers and Depicting Verbs

Grammatical handshapes in ASL used to describe the appearance, size, shape, motion, or spatial layout of objects and entities.

Modality

The channel through which language is expressed and perceived (such as written, oral-aural, visual-gestural, or tactile).

Iconicity

A property of language where the form of a sign or word visually or phonetically mimics its underlying meaning (also called motivation).

Linguistic Imperialism

The belief or attitude that spoken languages or dominant language varieties are superior to signed languages or minority dialects.