Musculoskeletal Systems (Study for Musculoskeletal Exam)

osteoclasts

large bone cells that resorb or break down bone matrix during bone modeling

osteoblasts

bone building cells that build and fill bone with osteoid during bone modeling

ligaments

fibrous bands that connect bones and bones/cartilages

tendon

fibrous bands that connect bones to muscles

compound

type of fracture in which the broken bone penetrates the skin and is exposed to the outside of the body; also called open fracture

simple

type of fracture where the bone does not penetrate the skin; also called closed

comminuted

type of fracture where bone breaks into many fragments

greenstick

a slight fracture in a bone that appears as a slight fissure or hairline in an x-ray; usually the simplest type of fracture to reset and splint; often seen in children due to high cartilage matrix of the bones

impacted

fracture (usually seen in long bones) where broken bone ends are forced into each other

compression

type of impact fracture that occurs (usually in short or irregular bones) when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself

spiral

a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

long

bones that are longer than they are wide with heads at each end

short

bones with a square-like shape; mostly spongy bone; ex, carpals and tarsals

irregular

Bones with complicated shapes (e.x., vertebrae and hip bones)

flat

A type of bone with a thin flattened shape. Examples include the scapula, ribs, and pelvic bones.

joint

A place in the body where two bones come together

axial

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

appendicular

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

epiphyseal plate

growth plate; visible line or scar indicates that bone finished growing/lengthening

hematoma

1st step in healing a broken bone: an elevated, localized collection of blood trapped under the skin that usually results from trauma

fibrocartilage callus

2nd step in healing a broken bone:

connective tissue forms scaffolding to close the gap

bony callus

3rd step in healing a broken bone: osteoblasts fill spongy bone with osteoid to create compact bone patch

bone remodeling

4th (last) step in healing a broken bone: osteoclasts & osteoblasts reshape the bony callus formation

fibrous

a joint that connect bones without allowing any movement (like suture joints)

cartilaginous

a joint with limited movement where the bones are connected with cartilage

synovial

freely movable joint containing a cavity filled with synovial fluid

plane

joint that allows only short slipping or gliding movements; i.e. carpals

hinge

synovial joint between bones (as at the elbow, knee, or finger) that permits forward and back swinging motion in only one plane

pivot

joint that allows a bone to rotate around an axis; i.e. connection between radius and ulna

condyloid

synovial joint containing a bone with an oval-shaped projection that fits into hollow oval cavity; allows for all movement except rotation

saddle

type of synovial joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation

ball and socket

synovial joint containing a bone with a spherical head that fits into a round socket in another bone; i.e. shoulder & hip

4-6 seconds

initial available stores of FREE ATP are depleted in ___________

abduction

the motion of moving your arms/legs/fingers AWAY from one's body

adduction

the motion of moving your arms/legs/fingers TOWARDS the midline of one's body

aerobic

Respiration that requires oxygen - as long as oxygen & food are present, this reaction produces unlimited amounts of ATP

anaerobic

energy production that does not require oxygen - also known as fermentation - produces considerably less ATP than aerobic respiration - produces lactic acid as a byproduct

antagonist

muscle within a group of muscles that opposes the primary movement; ie. When bending the elbow, the triceps brachii opposes the biceps' movement by doing the opposite of bending; straightening.

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work; food is converted into this energy so our bodies can use it as fuel

circumduction

the circular movement at the distal end of a limb

Creatine phosphate

a naturally occurring chemical in the body that functions by storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to re-synthesize ATP as needed. You have about 20 seconds worth of this stored molecule.

dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

eversion

foot turned outward so you can see the outside/ side of ankle- causes a knock-kneed walking stance

extension

straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased

fiber

a muscle cell

fixator

muscle within a group of muscles that stabilizes, or braces the joint so the motion is steadied; ie. The deltoid muscle fixes the shoulder so the motion of flexing the arm at the elbow can be accomplished.

flexion

decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint

hyperextension

the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

inversion

foot turned inward so you can see the inside / arch - causes a bowl-legged walking stance

lactic acid

product of fermentation - cause of soreness and muscle fatigue

opposition

Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips

plantarflexion

to point the toes down

prime mover

muscle within a group of muscles that accomplishes the primary movement; ie. When bending the elbow, the biceps brachii accomplishes most of the arm's movement.

pronation

movement that turns the palm down

rotation

circular movement around an axis

supination

movement that turns the palm up

synergist

a muscle that works with and assists the action of a prime mover; ie. The brachialis is the synergist of the biceps brachii.

skeletal physiology

functions of the skeletal system include: support, mineral storage; hematopoiesis; protection; some movement due to muscle attachment sites

compact bone

hard, dense osseous tissue that looks smooth & homogeneous

spongy bone

less dense osseous tissue composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space