Chemistry - Chapter 3-5

How Is An Ion Formed?

when an atom gains or loses an electron

What Are Isotopes?

atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Why Does Chemical Bonding Occur?

It occurs due to the transfer or sharing of electrons between atoms in order to achieve a fully filled valence shell of electrons

The Term For An Atom That Only Has One Completely Filled Valence Shell

Duplet Electronic Configuration

The Term For A Compound/Molecule That Two To Three Completely Filled Valence Shells

Octet Electronic Configuration

Where Are Elements With A Noble Gas Configuration Found On The Periodic Table

Group 18

How Are Cations Formed

When Atoms Lose Electrons

How Are Anions Formed?

When Atoms Gain Electrons

Define Ionic Bonds

They Are The Electrostatic Forces Of Attraction Between Cations And Anions, Forming An Ionic Compound

Ionic Bonding Occur Only Between......

Metals & Non-Metals

Charge Of Ionic Compounds

Electrically Neutral

How Is A Giant Ionic Crystal Lattice Formed?

Formed When Ionic Compounds Are In A Solid State

Structure: Arrangement Of Cations & Anions In Giant Ionic Crystal Lattice

Three Dimensional Structure Consisting Of Alternating Positive and Negative Ion That Are Held Together In A Regular & Repeating Pattern By Ionic Bonds

Forces Of Attraction: Giant Ionic Crystal Lattice

The Positive & Negative Ions In The Lattice Are Held Together By The Strong Electrostatic Forces Of Attraction

Energy: Giant Ionic Crystal Lattice

A Lot Of Energy Is Required To Overcome the Strong Forces Of Attraction

Do Ionic Compounds Have A High Or Low Boiling/Meling Point ?

High Melting & Boiling Points

What Can Affect The Electrostatic Forces Of Attraction Between Ions/Melting & Boiling Points In Ionic Compounds?

Charge Of Ions

* Greater The Charge, The Stronger The Electrostatic Forces Of Attraction
* Greater The Charge, The Higher The Boiling/Melting Points Of The Substance

Electrical Conductivity Of Ionic Compounds In Solid State + Why?

Cannot conduct electricity

* There are no free moving ions/delocalised electrons to act as charge carriers

When Can Ionic Compounds Conduct Electricity? + Why?

Molten/Aqeous State

* They would have free moving ions that would act as mobile charge carriers to conduct electricity

Covalent Bonding Occur Only Between....

Non-Metal & Non-Metals

Do Covalent Compounds Have A High Or Low Boiling/Melting Point?

Low Boiling/Melting Point

Structure: Of Simple Covalent Compounds

Simple Molecular Structure

Bonding: Of Simple Covalent Compounds

Weak Intermolecular Forces Of Attraction Between The Molecules Of The Substance

Energy: Of Simple Covalent Compounds

A Small Amount Of Energy Is Required To Overcome The Weak Intermolecular Forces Of Attraction

What Can Affect The Strength Of The intermolecular Forces Of Attraction/Boiling & Melting Points In Simple Covalent Compounds?

Size Of Molecule

Electrical Conductivity: Of Simple Covalent Compounds + Why

Unable To Conduct Electricity

* Does Not Contain Delocalised Electrons/Free Moving Ions To Act As Mobile Charge Carriers To Conduct Electricity

How Can Some Simple Covalent Compounds Conduct Electricity?

Covalent Compounds That Dissociate In Water Are Able To Conduct Electricity

What Are Diatomic Molecules?

They Are Two Atoms From the Same Element That Are Covalently Bonded Together

Structure Of Diamond?

Giant Covalent Structure

Bonding Of Diamond?

Covalently Bonded To Four Other carbon Atoms In A Tetrahedral Arrangement

Energy Of Diamond?

A Large Amount Of Energy Is Required To Overcome The Strong Covalent Bonds

Electrical Conductivity Of Diamond?

Cannot Conduct Electricity

* Does Not Consist Of Any Free Moving Ions/Delocalised Electrons To Act As Charge Carriers To Conduct Electricity (since all the electrons were used in the bonding)

Nature Of Diamonds?

Strong & Hard

Explain The Nature Of Diamonds

The Tetrahedral Arrangement Of The Carbon Atoms Does Not Allow The Carbon Atoms To Slide Over One Another Easily

Structure Of Graphite?

Giant Covalent Structure

Bonding Of Graphite?

Each Carbon Atoms Is Covalently Bonded To Three Other Carbon Atoms In A Layered Structure Made Up Of Carbon Atoms In Hexagonal Rings

Energy Of Graphite?

A Large Amount Of Energy Is Required To Overcome The Strong Covalent Bonds

Electrical Conductivity Of Graphite?

Can Conduct Electricity

* One Electron Was Not Used In The Bonding
* Acts As A Mobile Charge Carrier Allowing Graphite To Conduct Electricity

Nature Of Graphite?

Soft & Slippery

Explain The Nature Of Graphite

* Weak Intermolecular Forces Of Attraction Between Molecules
* Therefore Small Amount Of Energy Is Required To Overcome These Forces Of Attraction
* Allows Layers To Slide Over One Another Easily

Structure of Silicon Dioxide

Giant Covalent Structure

Bonding Of Silicon Dioxide

Each Silicon Atoms Is Surrounded By Four Oxygen Atoms, & Each Oxygen Atom Is Bonded To Two Silicon Atoms In A Tetrahedral Arrangement

Energy Of Silicon Dioxide

A Large Amount Of Energy Is Required To Overcome The Strong Covalent Bonds

Electrical Conductivity Of Silicon Dioxide

Cannot Conduct Electricity

* It Does Not Have Free Moving Ions Or Delocalised Electrons To Act As Mobile Charge Carriers To Conduct Electricity

Nature Of Silicon Dioxide

Strong & Hard

Explain The Nature Of Silicon Dioxide

The Arrangement Of The Silicon And Oxygen Atoms In A Tetrahedral Arrangement Does Not Allow The Atoms To Slide Over One Another Easily

Structure: Of Metals

Giant Metallic Lattice Structure

How Does Metallic Bonding Work?

When the atoms of metals lose electrons, they form cations. These cations are then arranged in an orderly fashion and are surrounded by a "sea of delocalised" electrons in a giant metallic lattice

Bonding: Of Metals

Strong Electrostatic Forces Of Attraction Between the Cations & Sea Of Delocalised Electrons In The Giant Metallic Lattice Structure

Energy: Of Metals

A Large Amount Of Energy Is Needed To Overcome These Forces Of Attraction

Electrical Conductivity: Of Metals + Why?

Good Conductors

* The sea of delocalised electrons act as mobile charge carriers to conduct electricity

(Atomical) Arrangement Of Metals

Orderly & Regular

Nature Of Metals

Ductile & Malleable

Why Are The Nature Of Metals Ductile & Malleable?

Since atoms of metals are arranged in a orderly and regular manner, the layers of atoms are able to slide over one another easily when a force is applied.

Define Element

Pure Substance That Cannot Be Further Broken Down By Chemical Means

Define Compound

Pure Substance That Contains Two Or More Elements Chemically Bonded In A Fixed Ratio

Define Mixture

Two Or More Compounds/Elements In A Variable Ratio

Define Alloys

Alloys Are A Mixture Of A Metal & One/More Than One Element

Nature Of Alloys

Harder Than Pure Metals

How Are Alloys Different From Pure Metals?

They Consist Of Atoms Of Different Sizes

Explain The Nature Of Alloys

* Alloys Consist Of Particles Of Different Sizes
* This Disrupts The Regular Arrangement Of Particles In Pure Metals
* When A Force Is Applied, the Layers Of Atoms Can No Longer Slide Over One Another Easily